CERATOPHYLLUM.] CERATOPHYLLE^. 379 



only, very inconspicuous. Fruit ^ in., tipped with the slender curved style, 



very variable. 



C. DEMER'SUM proper; fruit smooth, spurs 2 subulate. C. apicula'tum, Cham. 

 Sub-sp. C. STJBMER'SUM, L. ; fruit not spurred, covered when mature with 



cylindric projections. S.E. England, rare. 



SUB-CLASS II. GYMNOSPERM'JE. 

 ORDER LXXIY. CONIF ERJE, 



Trees or shrubs ; wood without ducts (except in the first year) ; wood- 

 cells studded with disks. Leaves usually alternate, rigid, linear or 

 subulate, solitary, or fascicled in membranous sheaths. Flowers 

 monoecious or dioecious, anemophilous ; males in deciduous catkins ; 

 females in cones or solitary ; perianth 0. MALE of many 1- or more- 

 celled anthers seated on the scales of the catkin, filaments or connate. 

 FEMALE of 1 or more sessile naked orthotropous or anatropous ovules 

 seated on an open carpellary leaf (bracts of some), which is free or adnate 

 to the scale of the cone. Seeds often winged, testa thin or thick, albumen 

 densely fleshy ; embryo axile, straight, cotyledons 2 or more, radicle terete 

 often attached to a crumpled thread (suspensor). DISTRIB. Especially 

 cold regions ; very rare in trop. Africa and America ; genera 33 ; species 

 about 300. AFFINITIES. "With Cycadece and Gnetacece. PROPERTIES. 

 Yield terebin thine, succinic acid, pitch, tar, turpentine, valuable woods, 

 and a few edible seeds. 



TRIBE I. ABIETI'NE-ffi, Flowers monoecious. Cones usually large, conical ; 



scales more or less woody. Pollen curved. 

 Cone woody, scales persistent 1. Pinus. 



TRIBE II. CUPRESSI'NEJE. Flowers mono- di-cecious. Cones usually 



globose or short ; scales woody or fleshy, persistent. Pollen globose. 

 Cone fleshy, globose; scales at length connate 2. Juniperus. 



TRIBE III. TAXI'NE-ffi. Flowers dioecious. Cones much reduced ; scales 

 small, thin or coriaceous, the upper with 1 ovule. Seed hard, with a 

 fleshy coat, or seated in a fleshy cup. Pollen globose. 

 Seed solitary, seated in a fleshy cup 3. Taxus. 



1. PI'NUS, L. PIXE. 



Trees ; branches more or less whorled. Leaves evergreen, in clusters of 

 2, 3, or 5. Male catkins spicate, ovoid or oblong of many 2-celled anthers 

 spirally arranged ; pollen-grains curved, 2-globose. Fruit, a cone, usually 

 ripening in the second year ; scales woody. Ovules 2, inverted, adnate to 

 the scale ; cotyledons 3 or more, linear ; radicle inferior. DISTRIB. N. 

 hemisphere, from Mexico and Borneo to the Arctic circle ; species about 

 70. ETYM. The classical name. 



