TOFIELDIA.] LILIACE^E. 413 



honeyed, homogamous ; perianth-segments persistent, spreading, free. 

 Stamens 6, on the base of the segments, filaments filiform ; anthers short, 

 fixed by the back, bursting inwards. Ovary ovoid, 3-gonous ; styles 3, 

 conic, persistent, stigmas obtuse ; cells many-ovuled. Follicles 3, almost 

 free, membranous, oblong, acute. Seeds many, minute, marginal on the 

 valves, cymbiform, testa thin ; embryo minute, next the hilum. DISTRIB. 

 Arctic and Alpine Europe, Asia, and America ; species 14. ETYM. Tofield, 

 a Yorkshire botanist. 



T. palus'tris, Huds. ; bracteoles scarious. T.. borea'lis, Wahlnb. ; 

 Mountain rills and bogs, York, Durham, and from Argyll and Perth to 

 Sutherland ; ascends to 2,400 ft. in the Highlands ; fl. July-Aug. Leaves 

 tufted, 2-3 in., 3-5-nerved. Scape 4-8 in., naked or 1-2-leaved, slender, 

 terete. Raceme dense-fld., f-1 in. ; pedicels short, bracteolate at the base. 

 Flowers \ in. diam., pale-green ; segments linear-oblong, obtuse. Capsule 

 % in. diam., subglobose. DISTRIB. Of the genus. 



18. PAR'is, L. HERB PARIS. 



EootstocJc stout. Stem simple, with 1 whorl of usually 4-9 leaves. 

 Flowers solitary, not honeyed, malodorous, proterogynous. Sepals 3-5, 

 lanceolate. Petals as many, filiform. Stamens 8-12, subhypogynous ; 

 anthers basifixed, cells narrow ; connective sometimes produced. Ovary 

 subglobose, 4-5-lobed and -celled ; styles 4-5, free, stigmas decurrent ; cells 

 4- or more-ovuled. Berry indehiscent or loculicidally 4-5-valved. Seeds 

 few or many, testa coriaceous or fleshy, albumen horny ; embryo terete, 

 radicle next the hilum. DISTRIB. Europe, N". Asia, Himalaya ; species 

 3-4. ETYM. par, equal, from the 4-nary parts of P. quadrifolia. 



P. quadrifolia, L. ; leaves ovate-oblong or v obovate. 



Woods, local, from Caithness to Kent and Somerset ; fl. May- June. Glabrous. 

 Eootstock white, creeping. Stem 6-12 in., terete, leafy at the top, sheath 

 basal. Leaves 4 (rarely 3-8). 3-5 in., acute, 3-5-nerved. Flower lf-l| in. 

 diam., solitary; peduncle |-3 in., erect. Sepals green, acuminate. Petals 

 as long, yellow. Connective much produced. Berry black, bursting irregu- 

 larly. Seeds black, testa coriaceous. DISTRIB. Europe (Arctic) (excl. 

 Greece), N. and W. Asia. Rootstock purgative. 



ORDER LXXXI. JUNCE'jE. 



Perennial, rarely annual herbs. Rootstock usually creeping, scaly. 

 Stems erect, usually simple, sometimes septate within, pith often thick, 

 continuous or interrupted. Leaves slender, flat or terete, or reduced to 

 sheathing scales. Flowers green or brown, in axillary or terminal cymes, 

 regular, 2 -sexual, bracteolate. Perianth inferior, scarious or coriaceous ; 

 segments 6 in 2 series, free, subequal, persistent, imbricate in bud. 

 Stamens 6, inserted on the bases of the segments, rarely 3 on the outer 



