GROUP IV. PHANEROGAMIA : GYMNOSPERMJ] : CONIFERS. 485 



C. Libani, in Asia Minor ; C. atlantica, in the Atlas mountains of North Africa : 

 C. Deodar a, in the Himalayas. 



7. Finns, the Pines. The thick placental scales are expanded at their free 

 end into a flattened rhombic surface, the apophysis : the seed takes two years to 

 ripen : the foliage-leaves persist for several years and are confined to dwarf- 

 shoots which bear cataphyllary leaves at their bases, and are borne in the axils 

 of the cataphyllary leaves of the long shoots of the same year : the primary- 

 branches are arranged in false whorls near the apex of the shoot of any one 

 year, and the branches of a higher order are developed in the same manner : 

 the microsporangiate cones take the place of dwarf-shoots at the base of a long 

 shoot of the same year, and are closely packed : the maerosporangiate cones 

 also occupy the place of dwarf-shoots near the apex of long shoots of the same 

 year. 



In the section Pinaster, the apophysis has a rhombic free surface with a 

 central projection (umbo) : it includes three sub-genera : Pinea, characterised 

 by the fact that each dwarf-shoot bears two leaves, with about twenty species, 

 including Pinus aylvestris, the Scots Pine ; P. Laricio, the Black Pines ; P. 

 Pinaster, the Cluster Pine of South Europe; P. montana, the Mountain Pinesof 

 Europe ; P. Pinea, the Stone Pine of the South of Europe, the seeds of which 

 are large and edible : Tasda, where each dwarf-shoot bears three leaves, with 

 about sixteen species, including Pinus Tada, the Frankincense tree of North 

 America : Pseudostrobus, where each dwarf-shoot usually bears five leaves, 

 with about ten North American species. 



In the section Strobus, the dwarf-shoots usually bear five leaves, and the 

 apophysis runs out into a projection (umbo) at its upper edge : it includes two 

 sub-genera: Eustrobus, with pendulous fruit-cones and winged seeds, in- 

 cluding Pinus Strobus, the Weymouth Pine; P. excelsa, i he Himalayan Pine ; 

 P. Lambertiana, the Sugar Pine, and P. monticola, both of California and' 

 Oreg<m: Oetnbra, with erect or divergent cones and seeds without wings, in- 

 cluding Pinus Cembra,the Stone Pine of Switzerland and Siberia; P.flexilis, of 

 North America ; and P. parviftora, of Japan. 



Fam. 3. Taxodinece : monoecious : the macrosporophyll is clearly differen- 

 tiated into an outer and an inner (placental) half ; the latter forms an out- 

 growth across the upper surface of the macrosporophyll, which may even reach 

 the surface of the cone : seeds 2-9, either axillary and erect, or borne on the 

 surface of the macrosporophyll and inverted, generally without a wing : micro- 

 sporophylls bear 2-8 microsporangia : microspores with expansions of the exine: 

 leaves arranged spirally. 



Sciadopitys (S. verticillata), the Umbrella Pine of Japan, is the only member 

 of the family which has long and dwarf-shoots, the latter being a single pair of 

 confluent linear leaves ; the placeutal outgrowth projects beyond the apex of 

 the macrosporophyll, and bears a transverse row of about seven seeds at its 

 base. In Cunninghamia, the placental outgrowth is narrow and membranous. 

 In Athrotaxis, the Tasrnanian Cypress, the placental outgrowth is a thick 

 ridge. Sequoia includes the two species of large Californian trees, S. sempervircits, 

 the Californian Eed-wood, and S.- (Welling tonia) yiyantea, celebrated for the 

 great height to which they grow (over 300 feet), with a circumference of 50-60 

 feet at the base ; the placental outgrowth is a slight transverse ridge. In the 



