GROUP IV. PHANEROGAMIA: ANGIOSPERM^. 531 



The pericarp of dry indehiscent fruits is sometimes developed into a mem- 

 branous wing (e.g. Ash, Elm, Birch); to such a fruit the termsawara is applied: 

 the fruit of the Maple is a double samara (Fig. 418). 



II. Dry Dehiscent Fruits. The pericarp ruptures and allows the seeds, which 

 usually have a firm and thick testa, to escape : they are commonly many- 

 seeded. 



(1) Deldscence longitudinal. 



(a) The follicle, consisting of a single carpel which dehisces along the 

 ventral suture, where also the seeds are borne, e.g. Paeonia and 

 Illicium (Fig. 340) ; but sometimes (e.g. Magnolia) along the dorsal 

 suture : it is superior. 



(6) The legume or pod likewise consists of but one carpel which dehisces 

 along both the dorsal and ventral sutures (Fig. 342 A, trans- 

 verse section Fig. 336 A) : e.g. the Vetch, Pea, Bean, and many 

 other Leguminosae ; in some cases (Astragalus) a spurious dissepi- 

 ment occurs : it is superior. 



The lomentum is a modification of the legume ; it is constricted 

 between the seeds, and it is either indehiscent or it breaks across, 

 when ripe, at the constricted parts. It occurs in the Hedysareas. 



(c) The siliqua consists of two coherent carpels. The two carpels 



when ripe separate from tbe base upwards into two valves, leaviug 

 their margins (with the parietal placentae and the spurious dis- 

 sepiment) attached, as a frame or replum, to the apex of the 

 pedicel ; e.g. Rape, Mustard, and most of the Cruciferae (Fig. 342 

 C) : it is superior. 



When the siliqua is short and broad, it is termed a silicula, as 

 in Thlaspi and Capsella. In some cases, as in the Radish, the 

 siliqua is jointed and indehiscent, breaking transversely into one- 

 seeded portions. It resembles the lomentum, and is therefore 

 said to be lomentaceous. 



(d) The capsule is derived from a polymerous syncarpous ovary which 



may be uni- or multilocular ; it splits into two or more valves, 

 either for a short distance only from the apex downwards, or down 

 to the very base (Fig. 342 B). If the carpels become separated 

 from each other, and in the case of multilocular ovaries this in- 

 volves the splitting of the dissepiments (Fig. 343 A), the dehiscence 

 is said to be septicidal ; if, on the other hand, each carpel splits 

 along its dorsal suture, the dehiscence is said to be locuHcidal 

 (Fig. 343 B). In either form of dehiscence in a multilocular ovary 

 the placentas may either adhere to the valves (Fig. 343 B), or re- 

 main united into a central column which is free from the valves ; 

 in the latter case the dehiscence is further described as being 

 teptifragal (Fig. 343 C). 



The capsule is usually superior, but sometimes, as in Iridaceaa 

 and Campanulaceffl, it is inferior ; a special term, diplote<jium, is 

 applied to the inferior capsule by some authors. 

 (2) The form of capsule known as a pyxidium has a transverse dehiscence, 



e.fj. in Plantago, Anagallis, Hyoscyamus (Fig. 342 E) ; the upper part falls off 



like a lid. 



