582 



PART III. THE CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS. 



by scales during the winter ; hence flowering takes place before the unfolding 

 of the leaves. Leaves distichous. C. Avellana is the common Hazel ; a 

 variety of C. tubvlosa, with red leaves, the Purple or Blood Hazel, is cultivated 

 as an ornamental shrub. 



In Carpinus, the Hornbeam, the fruit has a three-lobed cupule (Fig. 387), 

 the fruit is ribbed and is surmounted by the perianth. The bract of the $ 

 catkin bears 4-10 deeply forked stamens ; there are no bracteoles. The catkins 

 of both kinds are borne at the apex of short leafy shoots of the same year, 

 hence flowering takes place after the unfolding of the leaves. Leaves distichous. 

 The annual shoots form sympodia. C. Betulus has an irregular stem and 

 serrate leaves which are plicate along the lateral veins. In Ostrya (Southern 

 Europe) the investment of the fruit is an open tube. 



FIG. 386. Corylus Avellana. A 

 Flowering branch. S $ flower 

 with its bract. C Bract after the 

 removal of the anthers. JP Group 

 of 9 flowers seen from within : 

 b bract. 



FIG. 385. Corylus Avellana. A Bract (s) of a 

 $ catkin, with a <J flower: stamens (/), and 

 anthers (a). JB ? catkin: the lower bracts (s) 

 have no flowers : the stigmata (n) project above. 

 C A single ? flower surrounded by the cupule 

 (bracteoles), (c), with two stigmata (n) (mag. 

 and diag.) 



Order 3. FAGACEJL Flowers monoecious, with a perianth of 

 five or six segments. Ovary inferior, trilocular, with two ovules 

 in each loculus ; ovules anatropous, ascending or suspended ; the 

 fruit is one-seeded and indehiscent (a nut); it is invested by a 

 cupule formed probably by the connate bracteoles a' ft f a j3 f (Fig. 

 382), arid having its surface covered with scales, prickles, etc. 

 The filaments are not forked. 



In Quercus, the Oak, the <? catkins are loose ; each braet bears a single 

 flower in its axil without bracteoles : the perianth is 5-7 lobed, and the stamens 

 from 5-10 or indefinite (Fig. 388 A). There is a single flower, the median one, 

 in the axil of each bract of the $ catkin ; thus the cupule invests only a 

 single fruit, and forms the so-called cup at its base. The leaves are developed in 

 order, and are aggregated towards the apices of the annual shoots ; the annual 

 shoots are always terminal. The 3 catkins are borne in the axils of the 



