606 



PART III. THE CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS. 



Order 5. R-ESEDACEJ:. Flowers irregular, dorsiventral : sepals 

 and petals 5-8, the latter laciniate : stamens numerous : carpels 

 2-6 connate, forming a unilocular ovary, open at the apex, with 

 numerous ovules ; seed without endosperm : inflorescence a 

 raceme, without bracteoles. 



Reseda Luteola, the Dyer's Weed, or Weld, yields a yellow dye ; R. odorata is 

 Mignonette. 



Order 6. CISTACEJ:. Flowers usually actinomorphic and penta- 

 merous : the two external of the five sepals are generally smaller, 

 and sometimes they are absent : stamens numerous, in conse- 

 quence of multiplication : carpels 3-10, forming a uni- or multi- 

 locular ovary; ovules orthotropous ; seed with endosperm. 

 Trees or shrubs with generally opposite stipulate leaves. 



Cistus has 5-10 carpels forming a chambered or completely multilocular ovary. 

 Cistus ladaniferus, creticus, and other species, grow in the south of Europe ; 

 a balsam is derived from them. Helianthemum has a unilocular trimerous 

 ovary : Helianthemum vulgare, the Eock Eose, is an under-shrub which grows 

 wild on dry soils. 



Order 7. BIXACE^:. The seed of Bixa orellana, a native of 

 America, yields an orange- coloured dye known in commerce as 

 Annatto. 



Order 8. VIOLACEJ:. Floral formula K5, 05, 45, G : flowers 

 always borne laterally: ovules anatropous : fruit a loculicidal 



capsule (Fig. 409 G): seed 

 with endosperm. The 

 indigenous species have 

 irregular dorsiventral 

 flowers ; the anterior in- 

 ferior petal is prolonged 

 into a hollow spur (Fig. 

 409 A cs) in which the 

 nectar secreted by the 

 spur-like appendages of 



Fm.m.-Viola tricolor. A Longitudinal section of the tw lower stamens 



flower: v bracteole on the peduncle; I sepals; Is ap- collects (Fig. 409 A fft). 



pendage; c petals; cs spur of the lower petals- fs rni i 



glandular appendage of the lower stamens; a an! The S6 P als are Produced 

 thers (after Sachs). S Ripe fruit; fc calyx. C After 

 dehiscence: p parietal placentae; s seeds. (Mag.) 



base (Fig. 409 



at the 

 A Is). 



Viola is the Violet, Pansy, or Heart's-ease :-many species, as V. odorata, the 

 Sweet Violet, have only an underground stem which bears cataphyllary leaves, 



