DICOTYLEDONES: GAMOPETALJ!. 661 



have a pappus whilst Valerianella has not. Valeriana offieinalu, and dioica, are 

 common in damp places. Valerianella has a toothed calyx-limb ; many species 

 are common in fields : Valerianella olitoria, Corn-salad, or Lamb's-lettuce, is 

 eaten. Centranthus ruber is an ornamental plant ; only one stamen and one 

 carpel are developed (Fig. 462, Diagram B) ; at the base of the tube of the 

 corolla is a spur which is indicated in Valeriana by a protuberance. 



Order 2. DIPSACEJ:. Flower more or less dorsiventral, sur- 

 rounded by an epicalyx (Fig. 463 &') formed of connate bracteoles: 

 calyx often plumose or bristly (Fig 463 &) : corolla usually bila- 

 biate : stamens only four, the posterior one being suppressed : 

 ovary apparently dimerous, one carpel being more or less com- 

 pletely suppressed, unilocular, with one suspended ovule : seed 

 with endosperm : leaves decussate, exstipulate : flowers in a dense 

 capitulum surrounded by an involucre of bracts : the outer florets 

 are usually ligulate : the receptacle may or may not bear scaly 

 bracts (paleas) : fruit invested by the epicalyx which is cleft longi- 

 tudinally. 



Dipsacus, the Teazle, has a calyx without bristles ; the capitula of Dipsacus 

 Fullonum are used in finishing woollen cloth, for the sake of the strong hooked 

 spines of the paleae : D. syivestiis is common on waste ground. In the genus 

 Scabiosa, the pales, which are usually present, are not spinous : in the sub-genus 

 Asterocephalus, the epicalyx (or involucel) is 8-furrowed, and its projecting limb 

 is dry and scarious ; S. Columbaria, with a 5-lobed corolla, is common in dry 

 pastures : in the sub -genus Succisa, the limb of the 8-furrowed epicalyx is her- 

 baceous ; S. succisa, with a 4-lobed corolla, occurs in damp meadows: in the 

 sub-genus Knautia, there are no palea but the receptacle is hairy, and the epi- 

 calyx is 4-furrowed ; S. arvensis is common in fields. 



Order 3. COMPOSITE. The flowers are always collected into 

 many-flowered capitula (sometimes only 1-flowered) ; different 

 kinds of flowers ( , ? , or sterile) generally present in the same 

 head : ovary dimerous unilocular, with a basal, erect, anatropous 

 ovule : the calyx is rarely present in the form of small leaves or 

 scales (Fig. 466 D, p) ; more commonly it is a crown of simple or 

 branched hairs (pappus; Figs. 464 p ; 466 A, E, p), and is not 

 developed till after the flowering is over ; sometimes the 

 calyx is wholly wanting : corolla tubular, either regular, and 5- 

 toothed (Figs. 464 A, c; 466 (7, m, c), or irregular and expanded 

 at the upper end in a lateral limb with 3 or 5 teeth (Figs. 464 B ; 

 466 B, ra; 466 A, ra, c), when it is said to be ligulate : the sta- 

 mens are short, inserted upon the corolla (Fig. 464 A, st) ; the 

 anthers are elongated and syngenesious, forming a tube through 

 which the style passes (Figs. 464 A, a ; 466 A } a) : this is bifid at 



