662 



PAKT TIT. THE CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS. 



its upper end (Fig. 464 J, n ; 466 A and C, n) : on each of these 

 branches the stigmatic papillee are arranged in two rows : in the 

 wholly $ flowers the styles are usually shorter (Fig. 464 B, g) : 

 fruit a cypsela (p. 530), crowned by the pappus (Fig. 466 A, E, D, 

 p) when it is present (Fig. 466 F, f) : sometimes the fruit has its 

 upper end prolonged into a beak, and its surface is covered with 

 ridges or spines (Fig. 466 E) : seed without endosperm. 



Usually herbs with scattered (more rarely decussate), exstipulate 

 leaves, often with milky latex. The capitula are always surrounded 



FIG. 463. Flower of 

 Scabiosa(mag.) : /ovary ; 

 fc' epicalyx (long sect.); 

 fc calyx ; c corolla ; *t sta- 

 mens ; n stigma. 



FIG. 465. Floral dia- 

 gram of Compositse 

 (tubular floret). 



FIG. 464.- Flower of Arnica (mag.) . A Tubular floret from the centre (disc) (longitudinal 

 sect.). B Ligulate marginal floret (ray) :/ ovary ; p pappus; c corolla; a anthers ; n stigma; 

 g style ; 8 ovule. 



by a number of bracts forming an involucre (Fig. 466 P, C, ). 

 The scaly bracts of the individual florets (palese) may be present 

 or wanting (Fig. 466 C, d). 



The Composites are classified according to the form of the 

 flowers and to the distribution of the different kinds of flowers in 

 the inflorescence. 



Sub-order I. TTJBULIFLOR.E. The capitula either consists entirely of tubu- 

 lar florets (by tubular flowers are meant those with a regular 5-toothed corolla) 

 or the central florets (florets of the disc) are tubular and (Fig. 464 A], 

 whereas the florets of the ray are ligulate and $ or sterile, and form one or two 

 rows (Figs. 464 B ; 466 B and G, rd). 



