664 PART III. THE CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS. 



Butter-bur, and Tussilago Farfara,ihe common Coltsfoot, are common in damp 

 fields. 



Tribe 4. Anthemidea. Leaves alternate: ray-florets $ , ligulate or tubular: 

 branches of style tufted at the tips: involucral bracts scarious :<pappus 0, or 

 minute. 



Artemisia Absinthium, Wormwood, A. vulgaris and campestris are common: 

 Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum, the Ox-eye Daisy, is common in fields : Matri- 

 caria Chamomilla, the Wild Chamomile, has a hollow conical receptacle 

 destitute of palese : Anthemis nobiiis, the Common Chamomile, has a receptacle 

 bearing paleas, as also A. arvensis, the Corn Chamomile : Achillea Millefolium 

 is the Milfoil, or Yarrow : Tanacetum vulgare is the Tansy : Diotis mantima is 

 the seaside Cotton-weed. 



Tribe 5. Helianthoidece. Leaves opposite : ray -florets or ligulate, yellow, 

 $ or sterile : branches of style as in Asteroideae. 



Bidens is common in wet places. Galinsoga is naturalized in England. Heli- 

 anthus annuus is the Sunflower ; oil is extracted from the seeds : the tubers of 

 H. tube.rosus, a West Indian species, are rich in inulin (p. 114), and serve as 

 a vegetable (Jerusalem Artichoke). Species of Zinnia, Eudbeckia, Dahlia, and 

 Coreopsis are cultivated. 



Tribe 6. Helenioidece. Eesemble the Helianthoidese, but the receptacle is 

 without paleae. Species of Helenium, Tagetes, Gaillardia, are commonly culti- 

 vated as garden flowers. 



Tribe 7. Inuloidea. Leaves alternate : ray-florets frequently ligulate, $ , 

 yellow : anthers appendiculate at base. 



In Inula (I. Helenium, the Elecampane), Pulicaria (P. dysenterica, the Flea- 

 bane), and others, the ray-florets are ligulate; whereas, in other genera, Gna- 

 phalium (the Cudweed), Filago, Antennaria, the ray-florets are filiform ; Anten- 

 naria is dioecious. 



Tribe 8. Cynareee. Flowers all tubular, the outer ones sometimes $ or 

 sterile : style thickened below the branches : anthers often appendiculate at 

 base : leaves generally armed with spines, alternate. 



Arctium Lappa (A. majus), the Burdock, is common by roadsides ; the leaves of 

 the involucre are hooked and spinous. Carduus nutans and crispus are common 

 (true) Thistles ; Cnicus lanceolatus, paluatris, pratensis (Plume- thistles), are 

 common in damp districts. Carlina vulgaris is the Carline-Thistle ; the inner 

 leaves of the involucre, which are white, fold over the flower-head under the 

 influence of moisture, but in drought spread widely open. Onopordon Acanthium 

 is the Scotch or Cotton Thistle. Centaur ea Scabiosa and jiigra, the Knapweeds, 

 are common everywhere : C. Cyanus is the Corn-flower or Bluebottle, occurring 

 in wheat-fields. Cynara Scolymus is the Artichoke ; the flower-buds are eaten 

 as a vegetable. Carthamus tinctoria, the Safflower, is used in dyeing, In Echi- 

 nops, the Globe- Thistle, numerous one-flowered capitula are collected into one 

 large spherical head. Saussurea and Serratula are the Saw-worts. 



Tribe 9. Calendulea. Ray-florets $ and usually ligulate : disc-florets usu- 

 ally sterile. 



Calendula officinalis, the Pot -Marigold, is a familiar garden plant. 



Sub-order II. LABIATIFLOBJE. The disc-florets have a regular or a bilabiate 

 corolla ; the ray-floreta have usually a bilabiate corolla. 



