FORMATION OF SPORES 51 



Lycoperdoti) etc., the fruit is said to be angiocarpous, 

 whereas when the hymenium is exposed, as in Agaricus, 

 Polyporus, Clavaria, Peziza, etc., the fruit is described as 

 gymnocarpous. 



. Linn. Soc., 34, p. 147 (1898). 

 De Bary, Fungi, Mycetozoa, and Bacteria (Engl. ed.), pp. 



54, 304- 



Istfanffii, Pringsh. Jahrb., 29, p. 391 (1896). 

 Massee, Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc., 1887, p. 205. 

 Sappin-Trouffy, Le Botaniste, 1893, p. 215. 

 Ward, Ann. Bvt., 2, p. 319 (1888). 



Fayod, A detailed account of the morphology of various 

 genera of Agarics, Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 7, 9, p. 181 (1889). 



Brefeld, Unters. Mykol., numerous examples of morpho- 

 logical details in every volume. 



FORMATION OF SPORES 

 (Axygospores, Chlamydospores, Conidia, and Zoospores.) 



In the nearly fully developed ascus of a typical ascomy- 

 cetous fungus, the basal portion of the ascus contains 

 frothy, much-vacuolated protoplasm ; in the upper portion 

 of the ascus the protoplasm is dense and minutely granular. 

 At this stage only one nucleus is present, situated in the 

 dense protoplasm, which by division forms two daughter- 

 nuclei. These, by repeated division, give origin to eight 

 nuclei. Nuclear division is karyokinetic. According to 

 Harper the spores are formed by an area of protoplasm 

 being cut out of the general mass of protoplasm by the 



