626 PHYSIOLOGY OF THE BRAIN-STEM 



Digestion went on normally: the tongue and the teeth were normally pre- 

 served ; there was no foul odor from the mouth ; the f aBces were of normal color 

 and consistency. No observations were made as to the utilization of foodstuffs. 

 The urine contained no proteid nor sugar. The animal (a male) gave no evi- 

 dence of sexual heat. 



The cruder movements, such as locomotion, were fairly normal and the gait 

 on a rough floor was tolerably good. On a smooth floor the animal slipped very 

 easily, but recovered his feet without help. He never walked on the backs of 

 his feet ; and immediately straightened them when his toes were forcibly turned 

 under. 



Placed on a table with one foot over a trapdoor, the dog allowed the foot to 

 follow the trap for a distance as it fell, but did not lose his equilibrium. 



It happened once that the dog had one hind paw injured. Until the paw 

 was completely healed he hopped about on three legs, keeping the injured mem- 

 ber voluntarily lifted from the floor. 



Hence the bodily movements were regulated in many different ways. And 

 yet his movements were not very precise, for when he was pinched he could not 

 purposely reach the place. If for example he was pinched on the left hind foot, 

 he would snap to the left, but seldom caught the offender's hand. 



The sense of touch was noticeably dull. When by means of a fine tube air 

 was blown between the hairs on the back of his foot, he did not move; he was 

 likewise insensitive to blasts on his nose. But certain parts of the skin, as for 

 example, the interior of the ear, proved to be extremely sensitive. He responded 

 promptly to stronger cutaneous stimuli and could be awakened from his sleep in 

 this way. If while he was walking about he was pinched anywhere, he gave 

 evidence of his displeasure by various expressions of the voice, or even snapped. 



In order to test the sense of taste, Goltz made the following experiment. 

 He placed some horse meat in each of two dishes. To the one he added milk, 

 the other he covered with an extremely bitter solution of quinine. He fed the 

 dog several pieces of the meat wet with milk, one after the other, by simply 

 holding them close to his nose. They were seized, chewed and swallowed. Sud- 

 denly he offered him a piece from the quinine dish. It also was seized and 

 chewed once; then the dog made a wry face and spat it out. 



The sense of smell was of course lost. It was only by stimulation of the 

 branches of the trigeminal nerve that pungent odors had any effect on the animal. 



Auditory sensations were very much blunted, although it was possible to 

 rouse the animal from sleep by a purely auditory stimulus. 



The sense of sight was practically lost. The pupils of both eyes contracted 

 when light was thrown into them, and the eyes were closed when a dazzlingly 

 bright light from a bull's-eye lantern was thrown in the dog's face. In rare 

 cases he turned his head to one side. That was all. He was unable with the 

 aid of vision to avoid obstacles placed in his way ; and the blank, idiotic ex- 

 pression of his eyes never changed in the least when threatening gestures were 

 made or a strange dog was held so that the images must have been formed on 

 the retina. 



The animal's intelligence was very much reduced. He was so stupid that 

 on the last day of his life he raised a howl when he was lifted out of the cage to 

 be fed, just as he had done for months. He never gave any expression of joy 

 and only showed displeasure when he was pinched or handled roughly. Once 

 when he had gone without food for a longer time than usual, he made sounds 

 indicating his impatience. He also ate more voraciously than usual. But 

 when he had eaten his fill, he stopped and lay down to rest or to sleep. 



He never learned to lick himself dry when he became wet, so that he shiv- 



