HAEMOGLOBIN IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. 187 



(In Ampliioxus Lankester failed to obtain spectroscopic evidence of the pre- 

 sence of haemoglobin, though Wilhelm Miiller of Jena had described the 

 corpuscles of this vertebrate as of a pale red colour.) : 



(b) In the perivisceral fluid of some species of the vermian genera, 

 Glycera, Capitilla, and Phoronis : 



(c) In the lamellibranchiate molluscs Solen and Area. 



2. Diffused in a vascular or ambient liquid 



(a) In the peculiar vascular system of the chsetopodous annelids, very 

 generally, but with apparently arbitrary exceptions : 



(b) In the vascular system (which represents a reduced perivisceral cavity) 

 of certain leeches (Nephelis, Hirudo), but not of all : 



(c) In the vascular system of certain turbellarians, as in Polia sanguirubra : 



(d) In a special vascular system (distinct from the general blood system) 

 of a marine parasitic crustacean (undescribed), observed by Professor Edouard 

 van Beneden : 



(e) In the general blood system of the larva of the dipterous insect 

 Chironomus ; and in Musca domestica : l 



(/) In the general blood system of the pulmonate mollusc Planorbis. Mr. 

 H. C. Sorby expressed the opinion that probably the colouring matter found in 

 the blood of Planorbis is not identical with haemoglobin. I have shown, how- 

 ever, that the position of the absorption-bands of the colouring matter of the 

 blood of Planorbis coincides exactly with that of the haemoglobin bands : 2 



(g) In the general blood system of the crustaceans Daplinia and 

 Cheiroceplialus (Lankester) ; also in Apus and Cypris. 3 



3. Diffused in the substance of muscular tissue 



(a) In the voluntary muscles generally of Mammalia, and probably of 

 birds, and in some muscles of reptiles : 



(b) In the muscles of the dorsal fin of the fish Hippocampus, being 

 generally absent from the voluntary muscular tissue of fish : 



(c) In the muscular tissue of the heart of Vertebrata generally : 



(d) In the unstriped muscular tissue of the rectum of man, being absent 

 from the unstriped muscular tissue of the alimentary canal generally : 



(e) In the muscles of the pharynx and odontophore of the gastropodous 

 molluscs (observed in Lymnceus, Paludina, Littorina, Patella, Chiton, 

 Aplysia), and of the pharyngeal gizzard of Aplysia, being entirely absent from 

 the rest of the muscular and other tissues and the blood of these molluscs : 



(/) In the muscular tissue of the pharyngeal tube of Aphrodite aculeata 

 (Lankester), being absent from the rest of the muscular tissue, and from the 

 blood in this animal, and absent from the muscular tissue generally in all 

 other annelids, as far as yet examined. 



4. Diffused in the substance of nervous tissue 



(a) In the chain of nerve ganglia of Aphrodite aculeata (Lankester). In 

 this annelid the chain of nerve ganglia possesses a bright crimson colour. The 

 colour is most intense in the supra-oesophageal ganglion, which has as intense 

 a colour as a drop of fresh human blood. The colour impregnates the nerve 

 itself, and is not contained in a liquid bathing the tissue : 



(b) An exactly similar observation has been made by Hubrecht, who found 

 haemoglobin in the red-coloured cerebral ganglia of certain Nemertine worms, 

 which possess no coloured blood corpuscles. 4 



1 MacMunn, "Animal Chromatology," Proc. Birmingham Phil. Soc., vol. iii. p. 

 130 (quoted at second-hand). 



2 Gamgee, ' 'A Text-Book of the Physiological Chemistry of the Animal Body," vol. i. p. 131. 



3 Regnard et Blanchard, " Kote sur la presence de I'he'moglobine dans le sang des 

 crustace's branchiopodes," Compt. rend. Soc. de biol., Paris, 1883, pp. 197-200. 



4 A. A. W. Hubrecht, " Untersuch. ueber Nemertinen aus dem Golf von Neapel," 

 Niederland. Arch. f. Zoologie, 1876, Heft 3, Abstract in Jahresb. u. d. Fortschr. d. Tliier- 

 Chem., Wiesbaden, Bd. vi. S. 92. 



