368 CHEMISTR Y OF THE DIGESTIVE PROCESSES. 



These results show that, even in the same form of fistula, the amount of 

 total solids and of organic matter is a very variable quantity. This is also 

 shown by the results obtained by others. In the clog, Bernard found the 

 total solids in temporary secretion, 86 to 100 per 1000; Tiedemann and 

 Gmelin, 87 per 1000; Skrebitzki, 23 to 56 per 1000; in the sheep, Tiede- 

 mann and Gmelin, 36 to 52 per 1000; in the horse, Hoppe-Seyler, 8*88 

 organic, 8'59 inorganic, per 1000; in the rabbit, Heidenhain, 17'6 per 1000; 

 in the sheep, Heidenhain, 14 '3 to 36 '9 per 1000. 



Very few analyses of human pancreatic juice have been made, and 

 it has never been obtained under quite normal conditions. Herter 1 

 obtained pancreatic juice, containing all three ferments, from an enlarged 

 duct, due to carcinoma of the duodenum, which contained per 1000 parts, 

 24' 1 parts of total solids, 17 '9 parts of organic matter, 6 '2 parts of ash. 

 Zawadski 2 has more recently published an account of human pancreatic 

 juice, obtained from a pancreatic fistula, remaining after removal of a 

 pancreatic tumour. This sample resembled in composition those ob- 

 tained from temporary fistulre in animals, much more closely than 

 Herter 's sample ; it possessed a powerful digestive action, and probably 

 was an almost normal secretion. It contained, per 1000 parts, 135'9 of 

 total solids, 92 parts of proteids, 34 parts of inorganic matter, the 

 remainder being organic matter soluble in alcohol. 



Rate of secretion. The figures given by various observers for the 

 total quantity of pancreatic juice secreted in twenty-four hours vary 

 greatly, and it is impossible to state an average quantity with any 

 approach to accuracy. Figures obtained from observations on permanent 

 fistulse greatly exceed those obtained from temporary fistulse. Bidder and 

 Schmidt place the yield in the dog, at the rate of temporary secretion, at 

 2 '5 grins, per kilo, of body weight per diem. At this rate a man of 70 

 kilos. (154 Ibs.) would secrete 175 grins, of pancreatic juice per diem. 



Succus ENTERICUS. 



The secretion of the small intestine may be obtained in animals, 

 unmixed with the other digestive secretions, by one of two forms of fistula. 



The first form of fistula was introduced by Thiry, 3 and is made by 

 cutting across the intestine at two places, 10 to 30 cms. apart, without 

 interfering with the blood supply, restoring the continuity of the 

 intestine, stitching up one end of the isolated piece, and uniting the 

 other to the wound in the abdominal wall. The second form clue to 

 Vella, 4 is a modification in which both ends of the isolated piece of gut 

 are left open and stitched to the abdominal wall one above the other. 5 



Thiry describes the succus entericus as a limpid, opalescent, light 

 yellow-coloured fluid, strongly alkaline in reaction, and possessing a 

 specific gravity of 1010. 



It contains proteid and mucin, and much carbonate, as shown 

 by effervescence with dilute acids. According to Eohmann, 6 in the dog, 



1 Ztschr. f. physiol. Chem., Strassburg, 1880, Bd. iv. S. 160. 



2 Centralbl.f. Physiol. , Leipzig u. Wien, 1891, Bd. v. S. 179. 



3 Sitzungsb. d. Jc. Akad. d. Wisscnsch., Wien, 1864, Bd. 1. Abth. 1, S. 77. 



4 Untersuch. z. Naturl. d. Mensch. u. d. Thiere, 1888, Bd. xiii. S. 40. For details as 

 to establishing such fistulse, see Gamgee, "Physiological Chemistry," vol. ii. pp. 406-408. 



5 For a full description of the methods of collecting intestinal juice, see article on 

 " Mechanism of Intestinal Secretion." 



6 Arch.f. d. ges. Physiol., Bonn, 1887, Bd. xli. S. 424. 



