INFLUENCE OF RACE. 



811 



concluded that the temperature of women and female animals was lower 

 than that of the male, but his observations were made upon only three 

 or four individuals. Thus he states that the temperature of three 

 healthy men varied between 37'2 and 37'5, that of three women 

 between 36'5 and 36'7 ; in the case of three cocks and three hens the 

 results were 42'4 and 42*1 respectively. Barensprung l found no 

 marked difference, the average temperature of eighteen women being 

 37*25. As the result of seventy or eighty observations, Siedamgrotzky 2 

 gives the temperature of stallions, mares, and geldings as 37'8, 38*2, 

 and 38 0< 05 respectively ; the average temperature of a large number of 

 ducks was found by Martins 3 to be 41'96 for the male, and 42'27 for 

 the female. Singleton 4 determined the rectal temperature of fifty dogs 

 and of fifty bitches ; the average for the former was 38'9, for the latter 

 38'7. The observations were made at similar times of the day, but 

 upon animals of different breeds. 



The influence of race The natives of tropical countries appear to 

 have a temperature slightly higher than that observed in the inhabitants 

 of mild or cold climates, but the difference is to be ascribed mainly to 

 the climate. Davy, 5 from observations made upon natives in the 

 Cape of Good Hope, Isle of France, and Ceylon, found the temperature 

 to be about 0< 6 higher than the average in temperate climates ; 

 Crombie 6 made fifty-two observations on Hindus, Mohammedans, and 

 East Indians in Bengal, and found that the average temperature from 

 10 A.M. to 10 P.M. was between 37'2 and 37'8, that from 10 P.M. to 

 10 A.M. between 367 and 37*2. Both of these observers also found 

 that the temperature of Europeans living in the same district was about 

 half a degree higher than the average in England. Jousset 7 made 

 numerous observations on natives and Europeans living in tropical 

 climates, and came to the conclusion that the axillary temperature is 

 generally 07 to 0'S higher than that observed in temperate climates. 

 The following figures show that climate, and not race, is the important 

 factor : 



Similar results to the above were obtained by Maurel. 8 

 The temperature of natives in South Africa was found by Livingstone 9 

 to be 367, when the temperature of the air in the shade was 42'2, 



1 Arch. f. Anat., Physiol. u. wissensch. Med.. 1851, S. 155. 



2 Deutsche Ztschr. f. Thiermed., Leipzig, 1875, Bd. i. S. 87. 



3 Ellenberger, " Vergleichende Physiol. der Haussiiugethiere, " 1892, Bd. ii. Th. 2, 

 S. 85. 



See p. 790. 



"Besearches," London, 1839, vol. i. p. 169. 



Indian Ann. Med. Sc., Calcutta, 1873, vol. xvi. p. 591. 



Arch, de med. nav., Paris, 1883, tome xl. pp. 123, 426. 



Bull. Soc. d'anthrop. de Paris, 1884, tome vii. p. 380. 



"Travels and Eesearches in South Africa," 1857, p. 509. 



