8i2 ANIMAL HEAT. 



but his own temperature was 37'8, owing probably to the difference in 

 clothes. Thomson l found the mean temperature of natives in Iceland 

 to be 37'27, and Eijkman 2 states that the average temperature of 

 Europeans living in Batavia is 37'02, that of the Malays 36 0- 93. 



The influence of menstruation and pregnancy. 3 Xormal men- 

 struation and pregnancy in healthy women have no marked influence 

 upon the general temperature of the body. During labour the temper- 

 ature rises somewhat during the pains, but falls again between the pains. 

 Immediately after delivery a slight fall in temperature occurs. 



Individual peculiarities in temperature. Observations on men, 

 and especially on animals, show that the mean temperature of different 

 individuals is not the same, even *vhen the conditions are as far as 

 possible equal. 4 The mean temperature in the axilla of different men 

 may vary from 36-5 (977) to 37'25 (99-05). In animals even 

 greater differences are found. 5 



The influence of the temperature of the surroundings. The 

 temperature of man and other warm-blooded animals is only slightly 

 influenced by the temperature of their surroundings. This fact is well 

 shown by the records of the temperature of men and animals in the 

 tropics and Arctic regions, where the extremes of the temperature of 

 the air occur, in the former +59C., in the latter 55C. During a 

 voyage from England to Ceylon, Davy 6 made observations upon the 

 temperatures of seven healthy men under 30 years of age; he found 

 that the average temperature under the tongue was about 36'9 (984) 

 when the temperature of the air was 15'6 (60), and 37'32 (99'2) 

 when the air was 26 4 (79'5). From these and other observations, 7 

 he concluded that the temperature of man increases in passing 

 from a temperate into a warm climate, and that the inhabitants of 

 warm climates have a slightly higher temperature than those of 

 mild climates. Eeynaud and Blosville 8 found the mean temperature 

 of eight men to be 37 '58 (100), when under the torrid zone, 

 the temperature of the air varying from 26 to 30 (79-86), and 

 37'll (99) in the temperate zone, with an external temperature 

 varying from 12 to 17 (53-62). The average temperature of the 

 mouth was found by Eattray 9 to be 37'25 (99) in the tropics, with an 

 external temperature of 25, as compared with 36'8 (98'3), the average 

 temperature in England during the summer heat (18). 



These and further observations, made by Brown -Sequard and others, 10 



1 "Ueber Krankheiten und Krankheitsverhaltnisse auf Island," Schleswig, 1855, S. 24. 



2 Virchoiv's Archiv, 1895, Bd. cxl. S. 125. 



3 Numerous references on this subject will be found in Wunderlich's "Medical Ther- 

 raometry," New. Syd. Soc. Translation, p. 105. See also Barensprung, Arch. f. Anat., 

 PhysioL, u. wissensch. Med., 1851, S. 157 ; Probyn Williams and Lennard Cutler, Lancet, 

 London, 1895, vol. i. p. 932 ; Giles, Brit. Med. Journ., London, 1894, vol. ii. p. 70. As 

 regards animals, see Hobday, Veterinary Rec., London, 1896, vol. viii. p. 488. 



4 This article, p. 789. 



5 This article, p. 790. 



6 "Researches," London, 1839, vol. i. p. 161. 



7 Phil. Trans., London, 1850, p. 437. 



8 "Animal Heat," article by Edwards in Todd's " Cyclopaedia, " vol. ii. p. 659. 



9 Proc. Roy. Soc. London, 1870, vol. xviii. p. 526. 



10 Brown-Sequard, Journ. de la physiol. de Vhomme, Paris, 1859, tome ii. p. 152 ; Gress- 

 well, Brit. Med. Journ., London, 1884, vol. ii, p. 164 ; Mantegazza, Presse med. beige, 

 Bruxelles, 1863, tome xv. p. Ill ; Maurel, Bull. Soc. d'anthrop. de Paris, 1884, tome vii. 

 p. 371 ; Jousset, Arch, de med. nav., Paris, 1883, tome xl. p. 124 ; Pinkerton, Journ. 

 Anat. and PhysioL, London, 1881, vol. xv. p. 118; Edoux and Souleyet, Compt. rend. 

 Acad. d. sc., Paris, 1838 tome vi. p. 456. 



