830 



ANIMAL HEAT, 



of the apparatus required, the necessity of graduation, and the time 

 taken in observation. Bayliss and Hill 1 found that the wire-resistance 

 thermometer 2 could not be employed for the investigation of changes 

 of temperature in a warm-blooded animal ; the slightest movements, as 

 those of artificial respiration, in the curarised animal producing deflec- 

 tions of the galvanometer. A flat mercurial thermometer, on the other 

 hand, is easily applied, and furnishes comparative data of considerable 

 value. 3 



Some of the earliest experiments with mercurial thermometers were 

 made by J. Davy, who obtained the following results, when the 

 temperature of the room was 21 : 



Sole of the foot . 



Between internal malleolus 



and tendo Achillis . 

 Middle of tibia . 

 Middle of calf 

 Bend of the knee 

 Middle of the thigh . 



33-89 

 33-06 

 33-89 

 35 -00 

 34-44 



Middle of the rectus femoris 32 '78 



Groin .... 35 '84 



One inch below navel . . 35 '00 



Left sixth rib over heart . 34 '44 



Right sixth rib . . . 33'89 



Axilla (closed) . . . 36 '67 



Kunkel 4 used a thermo-electric method, which was exact to about 

 0*1, and obtained the following results for the temperature of different 

 parts of the skin of a healthy muscular man, 35 years of age, 179 cm. 

 in height, and 84 kilos, in weight. The temperature of the room 

 was 20 : 



Forehead 



Over malar bone . 



Cheek under malar bone 



Lobe of ear . 



Back of hand 



Palm of hand (closed for some 



time) 



Palm of hand (open) 

 Wrist . 

 Forearm 



upper part 



34-3 



34-4 



34-7 



34-6 



34-4 



34-6 



34-2 



34-5 



32 0> 5 



34-2 



33-6 



Experiments were also made upon the effect of exposure to cold. 

 Thus, after the man lightly clothed had taken a walk for half an hour 

 in a cold, sharp, north-east wind (-5), the following temperatures were 

 observed face, 27 -7-287 ; back of hand, 24'7 ; chest and abdomen, 

 32 *1 ; arm, 30'7-31 0- 1 ; but after he had remained for forty minutes in 

 a room at 15, the face had a temperature of 34*6, the back of the hand 

 31 0> 2, and the abdomen 33'9. 



Working the muscles of one arm raised the temperature of the skin 



1 Joimi. Physiol., Cambridge and London, 1894, vol. xvi. p. 352. 



2 Rolleston, ibid., 1890, vol. xi. p. 208. 



3 Davy, Phil. Trans., London, 1814, vol. civ. p. 590; "Researches," London, 1839, 

 vol. i. p. 150; Alvarenga, "Precis de thermometrie clinique ge"nerale," 1871, p. 45; 

 Waller, "Proc. Physiol. Soc.," Journ. Physiol., Cambridge and London, 1894, vol. xv. ; 

 Hale White, Croonian Lectures, Lancet, London, June 19th, 1897, Brit. Med. Journ., 

 London, 1897, vol. i. p. 1654; Pembrey, "Proc. Physiol. Soc.," Journ. Physiol., Cam- 

 bridge and London, 1897, vol. xxi. 



4 Ztschr.f. Biol., Miinchen, 1889, Bd. xxv. S. 55. 



5 This low reading Kunkel attributes to the loss of heat by conduction when the man 

 was sitting down. 



