858 ANIMAL HEAT. 



and C. J. B. Williams. 1 The results on some points confirmed, on others 

 contradicted, Brodie's conclusions. Wilson Philip found that artificial 

 respiration caused a fall in the temperature of intact animals, and that a 

 slow ventilation prevented the temperature of the brainless animal 

 from falling as quickly as that of a dead animal. Hastings obtained 

 similar results, and Williams confirmed the observations of Wilson 

 Philip, that the temperature of a brainless animal might even be slightly 

 raised by artificial respiration. Legallois carried out a very complete 

 series of experiments upon the subject, and came to the following con- 

 clusions : that a brainless animal upon which artificial respiration was 

 performed suffered a reduction of temperature, but it was from one to 

 three degrees less than in a dead ajiimal ; that in cooling through a 

 certain number of degrees it parted with more heat than a dead animal : 

 that inflation of the lungs of normal animals lowered their temperature, 2 

 and if the ventilation were continued for a long time they might die of 

 cold ; and, finally, that a fall in temperature might be produced by any 

 condition which constrained or impeded the respiration. 



Tscheschichin 3 found that section of the spinal cord between the 

 third and fourth cervical vertebrae caused the temperature of a rabbit to 

 fall from 38*9 to 32*1. This he attributed to the increased loss of heat 

 from the paralysed cutaneous vessels, and to diminished production of 

 heat ; the higher the section, the more extensive the paralysis of the blood 

 vessels, and the greater the loss of heat ; stimulation of the peripheral 

 end of the cord caused contraction of the blood vessels, and the loss of 

 heat was less. 



In rabbits, section of the spinal cord at the commencement of the 

 dorsal region caused the rectal temperature to fall from 40 to 24 in 

 five hours (Bernard). 4 In guinea-pigs, section of the upper dorsal region 

 produced a progressive fall in the rectal temperature from 3 8 '9 to 16 

 in twenty-four hours, when the animal died (Pochoy). 5 



Fischer 6 found a rise of 0'5 to 1*7 in the temperature of dogs and 

 rabbits after complete section of the cervical portion of the spinal cord, 

 but no rise when the operation was performed in the dorsal or lumbar 

 regions. He concluded that an inhibitory centre for heat existed in 

 the cervical region of the cord. A series of experiments were made by 

 Naunyn and Quincke 7 upon the effect of crushing the spinal cord. 

 They selected dogs of large size, and with thick fur, in order to diminish 

 the importance of the loss of heat. They found that, after the cord was 

 crushed at the level of the sixth cervical vertebra, the rectal tempera- 

 ture fell, unless, the excessive loss of heat due to vasomotor paralysis was 

 prevented by a fairly high external temperature ; if the air was warm, the 

 temperature rose two or three degrees, and even higher after death. 

 These observers concluded that there were nerve fibres which, passing 

 from the brain to the spinal cord, inhibited the production of heat s ; and 

 that, after section, the production as well as the loss of heat were 



1 "Observations on the Changes produced in the Blood in the course of its Circulation," 

 London, 1835. 



2 See also Fawcett and Hale White, Journ. Physiol., Cambridge and London, 1897, 

 vol. xxi. p. 435. 



3 Arch. /. Anat., Physiol. u. wissensch. Med., 1866, S. 151. 



4 "Lecons sur la chaleur aniraale," 1876, p. 161. 



5 These, Paris, 1870. 



6 Centralbl.f. d. med. Wissensch., Berlin, 1869, No. 17. 



7 Arch. f. Anat., Physiol. u. wissensch. Med., 1869, S. 174, 521. 



8 See also Ott and Collmar, Journ. Nerv. and Ment. Dis., N.Y., 1887, p. 428. 



