58 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 



layers, of which the layer next the skin gives the form to the limbs, 

 ttye eminences and depressions which it delights the painter to 

 delineate. It would be an unprofitable task in a work like this to 

 minutely describe the muscles, but I will shortly go over the prin- 

 cipal of those which are seen in the accompanying plate (Fig. 7) 

 of the superficial layer of muscles on the front of the body. 



On the side of the neck is seen a broad thin muscle which throws 

 the skin of the neck into wrinkles. Those which move the neck 

 are concealed by this one. Further back is seen one which ele- 

 vates the shoulder. On the top of the shoulder is seen the muscle 

 which gives the rounded form to that part, and raises the arm. On 

 the fore part of the chest is a broad triangular muscle which draws 

 the arm across the chest. On the front of the arm is a large muscle 

 which bends the elbow. Behind and internal to it is seen 

 part of the large extensor of the elbow. Immediately below 

 the elbow is seen a small muscle running obliquely across, which 

 produces pronation, and throws the hand into the position which 

 the right hand has in the drawing. Behind this are seen the ex- 

 tensors of the wrist and fingers, and on the fore part the flexors. 



On the fore part of the belly are seen two strap-shaped muscles, 

 divided by several cross bands, whose use is to bend the body for- 

 ward. The two broad muscles covering the sides are of use to 

 compress the belly in the action of expiration. 



Crossing the thigh obliquely is a long strap-shaped muscle which 

 bends both the hip and knee. Above it are seen portions of those 

 which adduct, or draw it towards its fellow. Below the oblique 

 muscle are seen three large ones which are inserted into the knee- 

 pan, and then by a strong tendon into the tibia, and which extend 

 the leg upon the thigh. 



Down the front of the leg, the tibia or shin-bone is seen bare. On 

 its inner side are seen projecting the muscles of the calf, whose office 

 it is to extend the foot, raising the heel and consequently the weight 

 of the whole body from off the ground. On its outer side are seen 

 the muscles which bend the foot upon the leg, and extend the toes. 

 The skin is not removed from the hands and feet, because the ten- 

 dons and small muscles which lie upon them are too minute to be 

 shown on so small a scale. 



Covering the upper region of the head, we have a thin tendon, 

 with two fleshy bellies before, and two behind, the front ones seen 

 in the figure. The hairy scalp is fixed to the outer surface of this 

 tendon, while it is very loosely connected with the bone. Hence 



