210 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 



whole extent is unfolded, and she has gradually arrived at that 

 point of perfection and magnificence in which we now behold her. 



In the point of view which I have just considered, man stands 

 alone : his faculties, and what he has effected by them, place him 

 at a wide interval from all animals at an interval which no animal 

 hitherto known to us can fill up. The manlike monkey, the almost 

 reasonable elephant, the docile dog, the sagacious beaver, the 

 industrious bee, cannot be compared to him. In none of these 

 instances is there any progress either in the individuals or the 

 species. 



In most of the feelings of which other individuals of the species 

 are the subjects, and in all which come under the denomination of 

 moral sentiments, there is a marked difference between man and 

 animals, and a decided inferiority of the latter. The attachment of 

 the mother to the offspring, so long as its wants and feebleness 

 require her aid and defence, seems as strong in the animal as in the 

 human being, and bears equally in both the characters of actions 

 termed instinctive. Its duration is confined in the former case, even 

 in social animals, to the period of helplessness ; and the animal 

 instinct is not succeeded, as in man, by that continued intercourse 

 of affection and kind offices, and those endearing relations, which 

 constitute the most exalted pleasures of human life. In a word, as 

 a writer has said : We can almost make the marble speak ; and 

 since this was uttered has it not been realized in the machine invent- 

 ed by a German, which articulates words, or talks by means of 

 keys, or machinery. 



[ILLUSTRATIONS. To illustrate the sense of smell, a longitudinal section of the nose 

 of a sheep can be easily made, keeping the saw as much as possible to one side, when 

 the spongy or turbinated bones, which are covered with the Schneiderian membrane, 

 and are convoluted to increase the extent of surface, may be observed. The structure 

 of the nose of the cod or haddock is also curious. It does not communicate with the 

 mouth, and ought to be shown. The olfactory nerves going to it from the brain, may 

 easily be exposed in the fish with a strong pair of scissors. 



The organ of hearing lies deep in the bone, and is not easily got at. However, the 

 membrane of the drum in a sheep can be very nicely shown, by taking off the bone 

 containing the ear from the skull, and then cutting away the external bony canal lead- 

 ing to it, until it is exposed. The small bones of the ear may also be obtained by 

 breaking into the drum with a strong pair of cutting pliers. They should be taken out, 

 and fastened with gum on a card covered with a piece of black velvet. 



A simple apparatus to show the vibrations of the air, in imitation of the external 

 ear, may be constructed by forming two pieces of firm pasteboard into a shape like a 

 common funnel used for decanting liquors, cutting the narrower extremity slopingly, so 

 as to leave an opening about two inches by one and a half, and gumming loosely over this 

 a piece of goldbeater's skin. The other extremity may be made about seven inches ic 



