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tice, we find that spring crops (of the cereal 
gramina) succeed best on one fall ploughing, well 
ridged and furrowed, and one cross ploughing in 
the spring ; and that spring and summer crops, of 
_ the leguminous and cruciform families, form the 
best possible preparation for winter crops, and ren- 
der unnecessary more than one additional plough- 
ing. After all, any proper answer to this question 
must necessarily be qualified by considerations of 
soil, weather, season, crop and culture ; influences 
which cannot but exist in all cases, and over which 
we have nocontrol. Wheat, for instance, requires 
more preparatory ploughing than rye, and rye more 
than oats. Clay ground demands more tillage than 
calcarious earth, and. calcarious earth more than 
sand. Wet or dry weather makes frequent plough- 
ings (according to circumstances) either useful, in- 
jurious or impracticable ; and the shade of a horse 
hoed crop is, perhaps, in itself, of more importance ~ 
to that which succeeds, than would be the failowing 
of a whole summer. 
3d. What depth of ploughing is most lo be recom- 
mended ?. . : 
This question, though less complicated. than the 
last, requires, like it, an answer qualified by circum- 
stances. ‘T'ap-rooted plants require deeper tillage 
than others: fall ploughings may be deeper than 
those of spring, and spring, than those of summer. 
If the vegetable soil be deep, deep ploughings will 
not injure it; but ifit be shallow, such ploughings will 
bring up part of the swb-soil, which is always infer- 
tile, until if receive new principles from the almos- 
phere. ‘“ 'They who pretend,” says Arthur Young, 
