( oh ) 
ed with straw and earth, and trenched around its 
whole circumference, to carry off dissolving snows 
and rain water, 
IL, Of Rye. 
This grain, though of the same family with. swhond, 
is less valuable. .A bushel of rye weighs less, and 
gives less flour, and of worse quality, than a bushel 
of wheat. In comparison, therefore, with wheat, 
it fails; still there are circumstances, which, as an 
object of culture, may give it the preference—Ist, it 
grows well in soils where wheat cannot be raised; 
2d, it bears a much greater degree of cold than 
wheat; 3d, it goes through all the phases of vege-_ 
tation in a shorter period, and of course exhausts 
the soil less;(1) 4th, if sown early in the fall, it gives 
a great deal of pasture, without much eventual in- 
jury to the crop ; and 5th, its produce, from an equal 
surface, is one sixth greater than that of wheat. 
These circumstances. render it peculiarly precious 
to poor soils and poor peopie—to mountains of great 
elevation and to high northern latitudes.(2) | 
Its use, as food for horses, is known as well in this 
country as in Europe. The grain chopped and the 
straw cut and mixed, forms the principal horse food 
in Pennsylvania; and in Germany, the postilions 
are often found slicing a black and hard rye bread, 
called benpournikel, for the post and: other horses; 
and the same practice prevails in Belgium and Hol- 
land. 
(1) We have seen a field bear rye several years in succession, without manure, 
and the last crop was much the best. This fact is one of those, which tend to dis: 
credit theory. 
(2) Without rye a great part of Russia would be uninhabitable. What we have 
seen of Archangel or Russian rye, is a miserable specimen—-black and light. 
