( ‘Ye .) 
terranean passage. The latter is effected by enclo- 
sing the springs within walls, and permitting them to 
rise to the level of their own source. It is evident, 
however, that if these be not higher than that of the 
meadow, the experiment will fail.(1) 
The second object, (the multiplication and centi- 
nuance of good plants,) will be insured by scattering’ 
in the fall, or spring, or both, (after the harrow ot 
scarificator,) the seeds of useful grasses, 2) particu- 
Jarly upon places rendered raw or bare by the har- 
row or the hoe; by covering the meadows in the fall 
with straw, dung, lime, or marl; and in the spring, 
with plaster of Paris or ashes ; by folding or parking 
sheep, or horned cattle, (during the summer and 
while the ground is hard,) on places requiring ma- 
nure; by foddering on such places during the win- 
ter; and lastly, by irrigation. This last and most 
efficient method of bettering the condition of mea- 
dows, is sometimes characterised by the duration of 
its means, and sometimes by the mode of applying 
them. In the first case, it is called temporary or per- 
manent, as the stream it employs may be the one or 
ihe other. In the second case, it is denorinated fil- 
tration or submersion, according to the effect produ- 
ced. If, for instance, the surface be only wetted by 
running water, it is called filtration; but if entirely 
covered with water, in a state of rest, it is called sub- 
mersion, ‘These different modes have some princi- 
(1) See Anderson’s Essays on Agriculture, vol. i, p. 119, &c. 
(2) In selecting these grasses, care should be taken to employ those most resem- 
bling the spontaneous growth of the field, or, in other words, those which flower ard 
* geed at the same time with this spontaneous growth, 
17 
