10 



ment, therefore, for an individual or a tribe, is to cease wander- 

 ing and become rooted to the earth. As soon as a tribe fixes 

 itself with a determination to draw support from the soil, it 

 lays aside its tents and builds substantial dwellings ; and here 

 begins architecture and the many arts needed in building — the 

 cutting of timber, the making of bricks, or the hewing of 

 stones — masonry, carpentry, painting, glass making and the 

 countless branches of industry involved in furnishing and 

 beautifying a residence. 



Again, before agriculture can progress far, the husbandman 

 must have tools, and to this end the mines must be worked, 

 and the founder and the smith be enlisted ; many trades called 

 into existence, and finally, as we see in our day, the highest 

 mechanical ingenuity be pressed into the service of the farmer. 

 Commerce, in the progress of civilization, necessarily grows 

 out of agriculture. A farming community will produce more 

 than they need for cousumption, and the surplus will be sent 

 to less favored localities or to sections and countries whose soil 

 and climate do not admit of such productions. Hence comes 

 commerce, the first born child of agriculture, with the building 

 of ships for the rivers, lakes and oceans — the cutting of canals, 

 and the running of railways over valleys and through moun- 

 tains for transportation ; and then towns and cities spring up 

 full of warehouses, the product of the farm house. And now 

 the farmer and the merchant find it unprofitable and impossible, 

 while actually engaged in other pursuits, to make their own 

 clothes, hats, shoes, and the thousand articles of utility and 

 luxury that become elements of daily life, and manufactures 

 spring into existence. The hand mills, the hand looms, and 

 the spinning wheels by the kitchen fires, give place to great 

 milliner establishments and the cotton and woolen factories 

 moved by water or steam; and again, as with the merchant 

 and trader, the manufacturer and operatives are changed from 

 producers to consumers, and the surplus is poured into the lap 

 of commerce, and in the exchange and distribution wealth 

 accumulates, industry is encouraged, knowledge increased, and 



