and riches can be accumulated in the process. There is a 

 demand in the state for food officially estimated to amount at 

 least to twenty million dollars annually, which the agricul- 

 ture of the state does not supply, and that demand is 

 increasing. 



Contrast the ratios of production in Massachusetts with 

 those of England. Alike having dense populations, and 

 twenty consumers to one producer of food, all the revenue of 

 the manufactures and commerce of England, and her personal 

 capital, as shown by the returns of her Income tax, does not ex- 

 ceed two-thirds of the net income from the products of her 

 farms. Of the three hundred million dollars that represent 

 the annual industrial product of Massachusetts, agriculture 

 gives but one-eighth. While from 1807 to 1855 the soil of 

 Massachusetts did not hold its own in average productiveness, 

 every English acre produces thirty -three per cent, more food 

 than it did fifty years ago. This result in England has been 

 effected in response to the demands created by her manufac- 

 tures through the liberal use of capital, furnished in part from 

 the exchecquer, higher methods of culture and the resources 

 of science. Guano, which the chemist first indicated as a most 

 valuable fertilizer about a score of years ago, has been import- 

 ed into Europe to an amount in value in 1859 of over one 

 hundred and twenty-five million dollars, and the equivalent in 

 corn of four hundred million hundred weight, nine-tenths of 

 the annual import of which. In 1859, equal at least to three 

 hundred thousand tons, was to England. From the relation 

 of this fertilizer to English agriculture it has been said by a 

 distinguished writer that " America, by her guano beds, rules 

 the price of all the corn markets of Europe, and more especi- 

 ally in England." Again, in the matter of fertilizers annually 

 manufactured in England, the Duke of Argyle, ten years ago, 

 stated in a public address that they amounted to sixty thou- 

 sand tons. Llebig says that the amount of such material used 

 in England, France and Germany In 1861 was not less than 

 twenty million hundred weight. The same authority informs 



