INSECT ECOLOGY 



395 



rowths. Scirtetica marmorata occurs usually on or near the lichen- 

 :overed surfaces. 



Eastern Deciduous Forest Formation. Herbaceous Associations. 

 [ot dry clearings. Grasshoppers are numerous both in individuals and 

 species. In order of abundance: Melanoplus atlanis, Camnula 

 illucida, Dissosteira Carolina (Carolina locust), etc. 



Thicket and Bramble Associations. M. bivittatus occasional on 

 irubs. M. atlanis and others occur on the ground. 



Local Associations. Dry Beach. Pure sand, dry and shifting, 

 dth full exposure to sun and wind. Here are several species of grass- 

 loppers, which occur also in other habitats. Trimerotropis maritima 

 'the seaside grasshopper, p. 196) is, however, limited to this habitat, 

 ind has the same brownish color as the sand. 



Marsh Associations. Several species of grasshoppers are found in 

 ie tall, rather close, sedge or grass growths. Stenobothris curtipennis 

 is the characteristic grasshopper of littoral situations. 



Ruder al Associations. Dry Grassland. Waste places, dry pastures, 

 ibandoned fields, roadsides, etc. lii order of importance: M. atlanis, 

 Camnula pellucida, M. bivittatus, Dissosteira Carolina, Arphia pseudo- 

 nietana. All these species, with the possible exception of the last, are 

 more abundant in ruderal than in native vegetation. 



Sparsely Vegetated or Bare Soil. The CEdipodinae normally rest on 

 >are soil and oviposit in it. Bare soil as a habitat is, however, not 

 sufficient; nearby vegetation is necessary. Grasshoppers are rare on 

 extensive areas of bare soil, except at the borders. They are conspicu- 

 ous on bare places, but are more abundant in the interspaces between 

 >lants, in open growths. The Carolina locust, Dissosteira Carolina, is 

 the most familiar species of bare soil, though other species have the 

 same habitat. 



Meadow Associations. Variable in character. In a bluegrass- white 

 clover meadow, M. atlanis and Stenobothris curtipennis are of about equal 

 abundance. The red-legged locust, M . femur-rubrum is more abundant 

 than these in such places, in some localities. The differential locust, 

 M. differential , is typical in meadow habitats. 



1. Grasshoppers are more abundant, in species and in individuals, 

 in herbaceous or grassland habitats than in forest, and more abundant 

 in dry than in moist or wet situations. 



2. Certain species are much more restricted than others in range of 

 habitats, and in accompanying range of toleration of physical and 

 vegetational factors of the environment. 



