396 ENTOMOLOGY 



3. Although a species may be found over several associations, it is 

 more abundant in one, or two, of these, than in others. Certain activi- 

 ties take place in more restricted habitats; chief of these restricted 

 activities is the laying of eggs. 



4. No two plant associations have identical grasshopper assemblages. 



5. No two grasshopper species have identical habitat-preferences. 

 It should be said that these scanty excerpts give no idea of the scope 



of Vestal's article; most important in which are the ecological generaliza- 

 tions. 



Mr. A. P. Morse, authority on Orthoptera, has paid particular atten- 

 tion to the subjects of distribution and adaptation. His data were given 

 according to life zones and habitats, but are rearranged here as follows. 



Shores of Seas and Lakes. Bare sands, hot and dry. Ground 

 Stratum. The seaside locust, Trimerotropis maritima, found along the 

 Atlantic coast from Maine to North Carolina, and inland about the 

 Great Lakes, is a characteristic arenicolous (sand-dwelling) species, 

 which varies in color from gray to brown, in harmony with its local 

 habitat (see p. 196). 



Salt Marshes and Vegetation 'Bordering Brackish Waters. Moist 

 Soil. Ground and Herbaceous Strata. Orphulella olivacea, occurring 

 along the Atlantic coast from Connecticut to Florida and Texas; the 

 only halophilous (inhabiting salty soil) locust of the Eastern States. 



Semi-Arid Areas. Hot and Dry. Herbaceous and Shrub Strata. 

 Hesperotettix pratensis, ranging from Mexico and Texas to Washington, 

 and California to Indiana; occurring also in the Southeastern States a- 

 mid conditions much resembling those of its habitats in the arid West; 

 for example along the Gulf shore of Florida, among the xerophytic 

 (inhabiting hot, dry places) strand vegetation. 



Temperate Savanna and Grassland Formation.- Herbaceous Stratum. 

 Orphulella picturata and Melanoplus bispinosus are common on the 

 prairies west of the Mississippi. In damp grassy fields the red-legged 

 locust, Melanoplus femur '-rubrum, is common; in dry grassy fields, M. 

 atlanis. On ruderal dry grasslands are species of Arphia, Syrbula, etc. 

 On bare soil, hot and dry, are the Carolina locust, Dissosteira Carolina, 

 and Trimerotropis citrina. On the moist banks of streams, M. femora- 

 tus. On moist soil of sandy loam, or the banks or beds of freshwater 

 streams, somewhat exposed, are the grouse locusts, Tetriginae, some of 

 which feed sometimes on humus. On bunch-grass in fields or openings 

 in the forest is Hesperotettix brevipennis, limited to this plant. 



Temperate Deciduous Forest Formation. In the undergrowth is Mela- 



