376 ENTOMOLOGY 



here the Heliconiidae and Papilionidae attain their highest 

 development, as do also the Cerambycidae, or longicorn beetles. 



The Ethiopian realm consists of Africa south of the Sahara, 

 Southern Arabia and Madagascar; though some prefer to 

 regard Madagascar as a distinct realm, the Lemurian. Ac- 

 cording to Wallace, the Ethiopian realm has seventy-five pecu- 

 liar genera of Carabidae and is marvelously rich in Cetoniidae 

 and Lycaenidae. 



The Oriental realm includes India, Ceylon, Tropical China, 

 and the Western Malay Islands. In the richness of its insect 

 fauna, this realm vies with the Neotropical. Danaidae and 

 Papilionidae are abundant, while the genus Morpho is repre- 

 sented by some forty/ species ; of Coleoptera," Buprestidae are 

 important and Lucanidae especially so. 



The Australian realm embodies Australia, New Zealand, the 

 Eastern Malay Islands and Polynesia. Buprestixlae are here 

 represented by forty-seven genera, of which twenty are pecu- 

 liar; against this showing, the Oriental has forty-one- genera 

 and the Neotropical thirty-nine (Wallace). Strong affinities 

 are said to exist between the Australian and Neotropical insect 

 faunae. 



Life Zones of North America. Merriam, the chief au- 

 thority upon the subject, says : " The continent of North 

 America may be divided, according to the distribution of its 

 animals and plants, into three primary transcontinental regions 

 Boreal, Austral and Tropical." (PL 4.) 



The Boreal region covers the northern part of the continent 

 to' about the northern boundary of the United States and con- 

 tinues southward along the higher portions of the mountain 

 ranges. This region is divided into three transcontinental 

 zones: (i) the Arctic- Alpine , lying above the limits of tree 

 growth, in latitude or altitude; (2) the Huds onion, compris- 

 ing the northern part of the great transcontinental coniferous 

 forest and the upper timbered slopes of the highest mountains 

 of the United States and Mexico ; ( 3 ) the Canadian, covering 

 the remainder of the Boreal region. The butterfly Erynnis 

 manitoba (Fig. 292) is strictly borealin distribution. 



