REFLEX ACTIONS FROM AUTONOMIC GANGLIA. 679 



the submaxillary ganglion. These and subsequent observations we have 

 discussed in the article on " Secretion of Saliva." And we came to the 

 conclusion that the supposed reflex secretion was partly due to stimu- 

 lation of recurrent fibres and partly perhaps to stimulation of one 

 branch of a dividing fibre. 



Sokownin l showed that when in the cat the nervous connections of 

 the inferior mesenteric ganglion are severed, with the exception of the 

 hypogastric nerves, and then one hypogastric nerve is cut and its 

 central end stimulated, contraction of the bladder on the opposite side 

 is produced. And it was found by Anderson and myself 2 that the 

 stimulation causes also other effects, namely, contraction of the internal 



Sympathetic Post Ganglionic 

 Ganglion Fibres. 



Sy. Gang. Sy. Gang. Sy. Gang. Sy. Gang. 8y. Gang 



Post-gangliomc Fityre. 



FIG. 315. B and C show the probable mechanism of pseudo-reflexes ; B, un- 

 crossed, from the sympathetic chain ; C, crossed, from the hypogastric nerves. 

 With the arrangement given in A (some compound ganglia), pseudo-reflexes 

 are not obtained. 



sphincter of the anus, pallor of the mucous membrane of the end of the 

 rectum, sometimes slight pallor (very rarely contraction) of the uterus 

 on the opposite side, and ocasionally slight pallor and contraction of the 

 external generative organs. 



We may for convenience speak provisionally of these actions as 

 reflex actions, and proceed to consider the nervous mechanism by which 

 they are produced. The injection of a small amount of nicotin puts a 

 stop to the reflexes, although it does not stop the effects of stimulating 

 the peripheral ends of the hypogastric nerves, so that we may conclude 

 that the reflexes are normally produced by impulses which pass through 



1 Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., Bonn, 1874, Bd. viii. S. 600 ; Jahresb., ii. d. Fortschr. d. 

 Anat. u. Physiol., Leipzig, 1877, Bd. vi. Abth. 3, S. 87. Of. also H. Nussbauni, ibid., 

 1879, Bd. viii. Abth. 2, S. 64 ; Nawrocki and Scabitschewsky, Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., 

 Bonn, 1891, Bd. xlix. S. 141. 



- Journ. Physiol., Cambridge and London, 1894, vol. xvi. p. 410. 



