COTTON. 123 



and this will interfere with the colour-pattern of the woven fabric; 

 but when the cotton is dyed in the raw state there is a better chance 

 of the spinner producing a weft yarn of a jet-black colour. The 

 iridescent or rainbow yarns and cotton merino yarns are produced by 

 different coloured rovings being doubled in the fly frames. Pepper- 

 and-salt coloured yarns are made up similarly ; while those of red, 

 purple, blue, and yellow are produced from a mixture of single coloured 

 cottons. 



In twist yarns used in the coloured goods trade, there is a greater 

 variety of colours used for dyeing the warp yarn ; but in this case the 

 yarn is first produced in the grey state in the form of twist or bastard 

 cops, after which the yarn from the cops is reeled into hanks, which 

 are then sent to the dyer. When the yarns have been dyed, they are 



Fig. 83. A weft skipful of cops. 



sent back to the firm in the hanks. The latter are placed on bird-cage 

 bobbins, from which the yarn is conducted upon barrel-shaped bobbins, 

 which are afterwards used by the coloured warper attendant. 



These specially coloured yarns differ in their treatment from the 

 ordinary warp yarns in that they are not passed through hot size. 

 Whatever sizing they may undergo requires to be done very carefully. 

 An immersion of the coloured yarns in hot size would cause a bleeding 

 effect, and the colour would run into other yarns. The coloured section 

 of the cotton trade is a very important and special industry, as it requires 

 the use of looms with revolving and changing shuttle-boxes, specially 

 adapted for keeping the different colours of the pattern true during 

 the intersection of the warp and weft threads. 



Yarns, Cops, Ornamental Yarns. Fig. 83 is a weft skipful of 



