124 TEXTILE FIBRES. 



cops just doffed from the spindles. The base of each cop is protected 

 by a paper tube resembling a cigar-holder. The presence of the tube 

 is some guarantee that the cop is soundly built, and that only a small 

 amount of waste will be made in the weaving of the cops. The apex 

 of the cop is the nose or clmse ; this extends from the shoulder of the 

 cop to its apex. The shoulder acts as a good support to the chase of the 

 cop in winding. 



Fig. 84 is a fancy doubled yarn combined together. One strand of 

 these yarns has been tightly twisted, and the other has not only been 

 spun softer, but delivered from the rollers in a more loose manner. 

 The harder twisted yarn serves as a core around which the softer 



Fig. 84. A fancy doubled yarn. 



twist is wound. The delivery of the softer yarn has been intermittent 

 at intervals, and run up into congested and spiral loops, which have 

 been termed knops. These fancy combination yarns were at one time 

 confined to the woollen trade of spinning and doubling, but for some 

 years it has been customary to spin them from cotton yarns alone. 

 They are chiefly used to produce figured or raised effects in fancy 

 dress goods, toilet goods, and towellings, as also the snowstorm effects 

 of woollen goods. There are many distinct varieties, and the demand 

 for these fluctuates with fashion, good or bad trade, and other causes. 



The ornamenting of weft yarns by an intermittent colouring is 

 sometimes resorted to without doubling. 



Fig. 85 is an example of the ordinary white weft yarn when it 

 was spun. It has since undergone some special treatment to give it 



