CONTENTS 



PAOE 



3. SOLID SOLUTIONS 70 



A. Qualitative considerations 70 



B. Quantitative results 72 



1. Isomorphous mixtures of electrolytes ..... 73 



2. Crystalline mixtures of non-electrolytes .... 74 



Crystalline solid solutions . ..... 75 



Isomorphous mixtures ....... 76 



3. Amorphous solid solutions ....... 77 



77. MOLECULAR STRUCTURE (Isomerism, Tautomerism). 

 i. DETERMINATION OF CONSTITUTION 83 



A. Determination of constitution on the basis of the 



valency of the elements combined .... 83 



B. Determination of constitution from formation out of, 



and conversion into compounds of known 



structure 85 



Intramolecular atomic displacements ..... 88 



2. DETERMINATION OF CONFIGURATION (Stereochemistry) 90 



A. Determination of configuration by the number of 



isomeric derivatives 91 



1. Constitution of benzene 91 



(a) Benzene gives only a single monosubstituted derivative 92 



(5) Existence of only three bisubstituted derivatives . . 94 

 (c) Benzene substitution products not optically active . 94 



2. Determination of position in the benzene derivatives . . 97 



B. Determination of relative distances in the molecule . 98 



1. Mutual action of different groups ...... 98 



2. Mutual influence of different groups 100 



C. Stereochemistry 102 



r. The asymmetric carbon atom and separation into optical 



antipodes . . . . . . . . . .104 



(a) Methods based on the phenomena of solution . . 107 

 (a) Spontaneous separation ...... 107 



(j8) Separation by forming salts with active acids and 



bases . . . . . . . . .114 



(6) Methods of separation depending on chemical action. 



Separation by means of enzymes and organisms . 115 



2. Simple carbon linkages and compounds with more than one 



asymmetric carbon atom . . . . . . .116 



The principle of free rotation . . . . . .116 



Number of isomers in multiple asymmetry . . .117 



Inactive undecomposable type . . . . .118 



Several asymmetric carbon atoms . . . . .119 



