242 Dynamic Theory. 



these he found, on the outside of the skins and on the stems of grapes, 

 organic corpuscles which also produce alcoholic fermentation. There 

 is no inconsistency in supposing both these views to be correct. Cells of 

 various kinds are formed in the same organism, whether animal or vege- 

 table. The corpuscles found on the outside of grapes are the true 

 saccharomyces or at least breed the saccharomyces in the must of wine. 

 Of those found on the pericarps and petals of fruits, some, at least, 

 also appear to belong to the saccharomyces family. 



I think it is in harmony with the foregoing facts to conclude that 

 these fermenting corpuscles are perverted fruit cells developed from the 

 same supply of protoplasm, but outside of the usual conditions of 

 fruit cells, and so appearing in a different form and with somewhat dif- 

 ferent but essentially equivalent functions ; something resembling in a 

 remote degree the formation of a tumor or cancer on the animal bod}', 

 nourished from the same protoplasm that furnishes sustenance to the 

 normal tissues, in fact itself composed of normal tissue out of place. 



If the normal fruit cell under the shelter of skin can produce fermen- 

 tation, what violence to probability is there in supposing that other cells 

 begotten of the same organism attached to the outside of the fruit, or 

 leaf, or stem, possess the same function. Such cells as these might 

 be regarded as somewhat of the nature of spores. The spores of yeast 

 are formed, as shown elsewhere, by the buds or body cells when placed 

 in contact with the oxygen, and cut off from further access of nutrient 

 protoplasm. Something analogous to this appears to be the origin of the 

 adventitious spores of fruit. At an early period of the development of 

 the fruit, while the young integuments are tender and porous, a cell of 

 fruit or parenchyma finds itself exuded and lodged on the outside of the 

 pellicle exposed to free oxygen, and reduced to limited rations of nutri- 

 ment, conditions discouraging to the fission or budding which goes on 

 under the skin of the fruit and the bark of the stem, but favorable to 

 the arrest of the cell growth and its cr}'stallization in the shape of a 

 spore. Precisely analogous, I conceive, is the production of the ' 'super- 

 ficial cellular bodies" that stud the surface of the Begonia leaf, which 

 also possess reproductive powers. That spores produced outside of the 

 fruit case are reproductive of their own kind under conditions affording 

 opportunity for budding, is quite paralleled by the processes of trans- 

 planting animal and vegetable tissue generally ; as for example in 

 grafting bone cells ( marrow ) on the back of a dog where they will re- 

 produce and maintain vitality for a season. Their power of fermenta- 

 tion is analogous to that of the cells of the fruit. 



The action of the various elements furnished by hay, fruits, etc. , 

 which are nble to set up fermentation in different kinds of infusions 

 and juices, results in a variety of products, which differ in different in- 



