286 Dynamic Tlieory. 



serves to remind him of the arboreal habits of some of his not very re- 

 mote ancestors." Another muscle always present in the Gorilla, Orang 

 and Chimpanzee, is found in about three per cent, of human subjects. 

 It connects the upper neck bones to the collar-bone. It is used to raise 

 the latter and is called the levator claviculce,. There are other muscles 

 of large size and important function in the Lion, Deer, and others, 

 which go from the back of the head to the collar-bone or shoulder-blade, 

 and are ftsed to pull the shoulder forward. Useless fragments and ru- 

 diments of these are sometimes found in man. 



In the marsupials, Kangaroo, Opossum, &c. , a large muscle is at- 

 tached to the marsupial bone, and running forward is attached at the 

 other end to muscles in the anterior wall of the abdomen. Its use is to 

 control the pouch. About one-half of human subjects possess a small 

 rudiment of this great muscle, and a short spur on the haunch-bone, to 

 which it is connected, is the rudiment of the marsupial bone. This bone 

 is also found in other animals beside the marsupials, but is to them of 

 a different value, if not rudimentary. 



In man the origin of the flexor brevis muscle of the foot is normally 

 upon the heel-bone, and its insertion is by four small tendons in the 

 four small toes. In a few men and in most apes, (Gorilla not included) 

 only the part of this muscle which works the second and third toes has 

 its origin at the heel-bone -, the part which flexes the fourth and fifth be- 

 ing attached to the tendon of the long flexor ( Flexor longus digitorum 

 pedis). 



There are occasional anomalies in the internal organs ; the liver may 

 be "degraded," that is, divided into a number of lobes, as in the 

 Gorilla, while two is the normal number in man. " The spleen is often 

 deeply notched and multiplied, as in the case of some of the lower ani- 

 mals. " In the human foetus the uterus is double till about the fourth 

 month, imitating in this respect the adult marsupials and some other 

 mammals. Occasionally this double uterus, instead of being developed 

 into a single one, persists into the adult period and through life. ' 'In 

 the brain of no animal except man and the apes, does the cerebrum en- 

 tirely cover up the cerebellum. In the horse, and most mammals, the 

 cerebrum and cerebellum lie in the same plane, the former anterior to 

 the latter. " Dr. Shepherd saw the brain of an idiot, in which the fis- 

 sures of the cerebrum were of the confluent kind, as in the pig, &c. , 

 and the cerebrum did not cover the cerebellum. The weight of this 

 brain was only sixteen ounces. (Pop. Science Monthly, Oct. 1884.) 

 From the foregoing we get some idea of the great number of small im- 

 perfections there are in most, if not all, human crystals and the list is 

 by no means .exhausted. There are many curious variations in the 

 formation of various viscera amongst men, and the lower animals as 



