The Internal Senses. 889 



speech, &c. So we may imagine the greater part of the original stim- 

 uli out of reach, and no longer directly operative, still the ganglions at 

 d will remain ready when aroused to form the motives at /, and after 

 the great ganglion at Ti has been formed, all the subordinate motives 

 which entered into it may be forgotten, and become obsolete; but let h 

 be stimulated anew by any appropriate motive, and it will discharge its 

 original characteristic energy upon i, that is, it re-enacts its original 

 motor performance. It is obvious that with education and experience 

 these ganglions of new and independent characteristics increase. In 

 early infancy all the motives are directly from the environment; all the 

 cells in use are of the simple character of those at 6, and the actions 

 are the direct reflex expressed b}^ c. But in later life as the ganglions, 

 several removes from the environment, are formed with their character- 

 istic possibilities of action, these enter more largely into our motives. 

 These ganglions represent possibilities of action which we properly 

 call our principles. They supplement and largely supersede the or- 

 iginal direct sense stimuli. When these principles are formed within 

 the brain, they become a set of standard potential stimuli, ever present 

 and ready to be thrown into activity when other parts, with which they 

 are normally connected, happen to be aroused. We carry these princi- 

 pal or standard potential stimuli constantly with us, and our actions are 

 constantly influenced and modified by them. It is as if we carried the 

 greater part of our environment inside of us. Almost every direct 

 stimulus from the external environment arouses one or more of them, 

 which then gets in its modifying influence to assist in the formation of 

 motor impulses, or in the establishment of new standard principles, or 

 the modification of those already established. The body of these es- 

 tablished standards, and the resultant quality and force of their mingled 

 influences, constitute our character, that is to say, the probable direction 

 which our motor action will take under a given stimulation. 



The standard potentials must depend upon their respective patches of 

 definitely differentiated cells or ganglions, which may therefore, with pro- 

 priety, be called their organs, because whenever such patches are restim- 

 ulated, we get the sensation of the memory of such standards. These 

 standards relate to every definite idea, opinion and theory, upon every 

 subject which has ever made an impression upon us, also all settled 

 views of historical events and notions of propriety and behavior. There 

 are standards of morality and of opinions as to what acts may be con- 

 sidered selfish, religious, brave, cowardly, mean, noble, kind, cruel, 

 rash, cautious, fast, slow, workmanlike, awkward, musical, high, low, 

 harmonious, &c., colors, beauty, greatness. Then we have standard 

 ideas of things, what they are like. Everything we have seen, or ivad 

 of, produced its impression, and differentiated its organ. Few, or none, 



