760 Dynamic Theory. 



We do not avoid any pain which we actuall} 1 " suffer, but that which 

 threatens us in the future. It is through the reactions of the memory 

 organs of painful sensations, that the will is formed to restrain the ac- 

 tions which lead to their repetition. Since, then, it is not the sensation 

 but the memoiy which enters into the formation of the emotional voli- 

 tion, this sort of volition is upon the same footing as the intellectual and 

 ideational volitions. All depend upon the reactions of stimuli upon 

 cortical organs, any of which reactions may take place in unconscious- 

 ness, as is shown in chapter 75. Although we speak of emotional, in- 

 tellectual and ideational states, there are no definite boundary lines be- 

 tween them. They grade into each other, and are frequentty all in- - 

 volved together. 



Therefore, we find all sorts of cerebral reactions going on in uncon- 

 sciousness, including those relating to the avoidance of pain, an exam- 

 ple of which is seen in the avoidance of danger by somnambulists. The 

 actions we perform in unconsciousness, when they are subject to cerebral 

 modifications and influences, are necessaril}' preceded by that same term 

 of molecular cerebral motion which is immediately antecedent to the 

 motoi-ial or efferent nervous current, the same term which, when it is 

 manifested during consciousness, we call will. There is no impropriety, 

 when this term is active during unconsciousness, in designating it as un- 

 conscious will. 



It is necessary to bear in mind the distinction between the will as a 

 term in the chain of cerebral stimulation, which culminates in muscular 

 action, and the sensation of the action of that term. I have used the 

 word will to signify the effectual action, and have no single word to ex- 

 press the sensation of it which may or may not be aroused. Commonly 

 the word will has been used apparently to cover both, which leads to 

 confusion. The distinction between the impressions made by external 

 stimuli upon our sense organs, and the sensations of those impressions 

 aroused in the sensory cells, was recognized by Carpenter. The very 

 same sort of difference exists between the impressions made upon the 

 cerebral organs, or internal sense organs, and their sensations, arid should 

 be distinguished. All of the processes which go on in these organs, it 

 is demonstrated, may go on in unconsciousness ; that is, may happen 

 without arousing their corresponding sensations. So that we have un- 

 conscious activities in perception, ideation and will. 



It has been shown that the performance of muscular actions requires 

 the co-operation of a guiding sense. That is, while muscular contrac- 

 tions could take place in simple obedience to reflex stimulation, they 

 could not take place intelligently under stimulus from the internal senses 

 and the will, without the continued presence of a guiding sensation. 

 " In learning to dance," says Hartley, "the scholar desires to look at 



