782 Dynamic Theory. 



feeling of vexation, chagrin, disappointment, anger, or rage, so that 

 we say of a person, that he frowns with vexation, with anger, etc. 

 This explanation, then, involves the idea that a habit of organic action, 

 differentiated by one sort of stimulation, maybe kept up and continued 

 by another stimulus, if not too unlike the first ; as a dog thrown in the 

 water will swim by nearly the some movements he makes in walking. 

 Frowning is not the only expression of anger, rage, and other emo- 

 tions of the sort; but various sorts of muscular actions, including 

 those concerned in the voice, follow these states. An infant displeased 

 or in pain, will yell at the top of its voice and work all its limbs vigor- 

 ously at the same time. The scream is preceded and accompanied by 

 frowning, and also by the contraction of the orbicular and other 

 muscles by which the eyes are compressed and the tears driven out. 

 In adults too the expressions do not stop at frowning when the emo- 

 tions are strong, but proceed to various kinds of muscular or vocal 

 demonstrations, differing in different people. 



If any part of the body be gently spanked by repeated blows of the 

 open hand, there will be an increase in the warmth of the place ; an in- 

 crease of the flow of blood thither, and a reddening of the surface. 

 These effects are of course more intense in those parts best supplied 

 with blood-vessels. The same parts are also, as a rule, best supplied 

 with nerves, and the effects of the blows in cerebral sensation are in 

 Irke ratio to the effects on the skin. Our internal sense organs in the 

 cerebrum are more intimately connected with these more sensitive parts 

 of the skin than with those parts less freely supplied with blood-vessels 

 and nerves. Or, in other words, our internal sense organs are intimate 

 with the different parts of the skin in the same proportion in which the 

 environment is intimate with them. The same ' principle applies to the 

 relationship between the internal sense organs and the different muscles; 

 they have influence and control over muscle contraction, whether it be 

 automatic or purposive, in proportion as these muscles are stimulated to 

 move the parts they are connected with, by either threatening or inviting 

 conditions of the environment. Thus, the muscles of the eyelid are 

 extremely active in avoiding threatened danger, while those of the ear 

 are seldom or never, moved. The environment furnishes no motive for 

 their action, consequently they are ignored by the internal senses. 



The face is a part of the body necessarily much put forward and ex- 

 posed to the impact of the influences in the environment. It is, more 

 than other parts, exposed to the action of wind, sun and storm; in it 

 are situated the organs of sight, smell and taste, together with the vocal 

 organs, and all associated with a large number of muscles and nerves 

 necessary for their protection and successful operation, and it is the part 

 which represents the personality of the individual in his social relations, 



