Reason and Invention. 857 



quality of form, texture composition, &c. , suggest each other. Also 

 when one body thus suggests another, it produces a further suggestion 

 of the things which accompany it, and these things will be apt to be- 

 come suggested by the second body as if attached to it. Thus the Chip- 

 peway Indian, who was accustomed to salt and to brown sugar, thought 

 the white sugar he was presented with was salt, and imagined the donor 

 was playing a joke on him in persuading him to eat it. White granula- 

 tions, to him, were associated with a saliue sensation. Comparison takes 

 place when several memory organs are stimulated at once, by which 

 process parts of each revived idea are brought into relation with parts 

 of other ideas. These new combinations give rise to new sensations, 

 which will be sensations of the contrasts, or of the resemblances of the 

 parts of old ideas thus brought into relationship. 



Abstraction is that subdivision of comparison by which one quality of 

 an object is considered apart from other qualities, and by which qualities 

 and relationships become apparent, which are common to many other 

 bodies. 



Language, which is an expression of ideas, constantly deals in com- 

 parisons, and its stud}' shows to how great an extent our ideas consist 

 of comparisons. We use the word head to signify the top end of a 

 man, and by comparison we appl} r the word to a great many other cases, 

 as the head of the bed, coffin, street, river, mast, procession, &c. As 

 the head is the governing part of the body also, we apply this idea in 

 another lot of comparisons when we say head of the state, church, 

 army, &c. Cap is a cover for the head, which is the subject of com- 

 parison when we speak of a cap of snow on the mountain, a cap sheaf 

 on the shock, the cap timber of a trestle. We cannot describe our sen- 

 sations except by comparisons. Thus, occur means to run against ; and 

 and when a person says a thought occurs to him, he compares it with 

 something which runs against him. 



Identification by comparison is the observation of similarities extend- 

 ing to all the parts and activities ; as^in the case of Franklin and his 

 lightning. An obvious similarity in the noise and flash between the 

 electric spark and lightning, suggested as also belonging to lightning 

 the other qualities that belong to electricity, such as capacity to be 

 stored in a Ley den jar, &c. 



Classification and Induction consist in considering together those 

 things which resemble each other in some essential particular, as in the 

 classification of quadrupeds to include all that go upon four legs. &c. 



Judgment is one of the subdivisions of comparison, and consists of 

 the allotment of a new fact to its proper relationship in one of the lines 

 of sequences or standards described in chapter 65. There is implied in 

 judgment a hesitation in the automatic harmonizing or classifying of the 



