Animal Intelligence. 867 



that swim well and are always about the water. Yet the Corncrake of 

 one of these genera is not at all aquatic, though possessing the fringed 

 toes. 



These cases show the adoption of new habits which have not been 

 practiced long enough to entirely modif}' the anatomical structure built 

 up by their former habits. 



.The foregoing examples showing the gradual modifications of instincts 

 under the stimulation of changed environment, at the same time clearly 

 point out the ultimate identity of the origin of instinct and intelligence. 

 Actions, when they are modified by casual and unaccustomed stimula- 

 tions, we call intelligent. But if such new stimulations continue to ex- 

 ert their influence regularly, the actions follow as uniformly, and we then 

 call them instinctive. Memory, the basis of intelligence, is found to be 

 exercised by animals of the simplest structure. 



In children, power of memory and association is shown early. In the 

 ninth week B's baby associated the bib with the bottle and stopped cry- 

 ing when the bib was put on, and at the tenth week put the bottle to her 

 mouth herself. At eight months Fryer's baby associated all bottles 

 together. 



A limpet ( gasteropod ) knows its home and goes back to it. A razor- 

 fish avoided a place where it had been alarmed. A snail, the Helix 

 pomatia, leaving a sick mate crawled over a garden wall, and next day 

 crawled back again. But the highest memory of a mollusk is in the 

 cephalopod Octopus, one of which remembered an encounter with a Lob- 

 ster. They also learn to know their keeper. But the Echinodermata and the 

 Hermit crab could learn nothing by association. But a lobster "mounted 

 guard upon a heap of shingle, beneath which it had previously hidden 

 some food. " Ants and bees remember for months places where they got 

 honey or sugar. They will also return to nests and hives they deserted 

 the year before. Sir John Lubbock taught some b a es to know the dif- 

 ference between an open and closed window. Observations were made 

 by Messrs. Bates and Belt, of "sand wasps carefully teaching themselves 

 ( by taking mental notes of landmarks ) the localities to which they 

 intend to return, in order to secure the prey which they have temporarily 

 concealed. " Beetles, earwigs, and house-flies also have memories. Fish re- 

 member their spawning place from year to year ; they learn to avoid 

 baits ; they remove young from a nest which has been disturbed, and 

 they have associated the sound of a bell with the arrival of food. " Ba- 

 trachians and reptiles are able to remember localities and also to identify 

 persons." Turtles also migrate to a shore annualty to deposit eggs. 

 Birds remember nests and persons from year to year. Some acquire 

 words and phrases, and upon forgetting, have made efforts to recollect ; a 

 memory in all respects the same as humam. A horse remembered a road 



