930 Dynamic Theory. 



tonations. With these the Chinese vocabulary of about 42,000 words 

 has been produced. Hebrew has about 500 roots, and the old testa- 

 ment is said to contain 5,642 words. F. C. Cook has formed a list of 

 about 250 words, which he claims are substantially identical in Egyptian, 

 Semitic, Aryan and non- Aryan languages. From this he argues the 

 original unity of language and of the human race. A consideration of 

 the foregoing facts shows us how language has become developed to 

 vast proportions from very small beginnings, in a perfectly natural and 

 necessary way. It required no antecedent purpose to start it or to keep 

 it going after it was started. Beginning in gestures and cries which ex- 

 pressed states of feeling, it grew to express ideas as soon as ideas were 

 formed. As soon as we realize that muscular contraction in limb, jaw, 

 or larynx, is a result of a condition produced in the internal sense or- 

 gans by some cause in the environment, we have laid the foundation of 

 the science of language. The enormous superstructure erected upon 

 this foundation may well arouse admiration and astonishment, but it 

 should not bewilder our understanding for a moment. Language proper 

 begins with the first animal which makes any sort of a signal, visible or 

 audible, for the purpose of arousing the attention of another. It is 

 difficult to determine precisely the stratum of animal development in 

 which this first occurs; but we are bound to admit it as well established 

 at least in all animals which possess the isle of Reil, since it is settled 

 that in the case of man that is the part of the cerebrum superintending 

 articulation. Most of the higher mammals have a greater or less de- 

 velopment of this region. (See ch. 58). The apes are better developed 

 here than any other animal except man, and it is well known that they 

 have calls and signals with definite significations. One, for example, 

 will invade a garden or orchard in the capacity of a scout, the rest 

 waiting outside till he is satisfied and gives the signal that the coast is 

 clear, whereupon they all swarm in. 



Dr. R. L. darner, of Roanoke, Va. , writing in the New York World, 

 June 8, 1891, gives an interesting account of his researches in the lan- 

 guage of monkeys. He assigns the most advanced language to the 

 Capuchins, although every monkey tribe possesses a dialect of its own. 

 He says, "the Simian tongue has about eight or nine sounds, which may 

 be changed by modulation into three or four times that number. They 

 seem to be half way between a whistle and a pure vocal sound, and 

 have a range of four octaves, and, so far as I have tried, they all chord 

 with F sharp on a piano. The sound most used is very much like "u," 

 "oo" in shoot, the next one something like "e" in be." He has not 

 observed them use a, i or o, but has discovered faint traces of conso- 

 nant sounds in words of low pitch. The languages of the different 

 races are fundamentally different, the more sociable and gregarious 



