31 



between them are, of course, the same as in the larva " (see description 

 on p. 27). The measurements given are based upon an examination 

 of seven specimens from Amani, and since these were " from larvae 

 deposited in captivity," Austen adds "it is possible that in certain 

 cases the dimensions are slightly subnormal." 



According to Austen, " the pupa of G. fusca measures some 8mm. 

 in length, by about 4-5 mm. in greatest breadth, and consequently 

 agrees in its dimensions with the pupa of G. brevipalpis, Newst. ' The 

 pupae of these two species can, however, at once be distinguished by 

 the shape of the notch between the tumid lips or anal protuberances 

 [op. A and B, Figs. 4 and 5]. If a pupa of each species be placed 

 side by side in the position shown in the figures, that is to say, with 

 the tumid lips directed upwards, and the more convex surface of what 

 is now the upper extremity of the pupa towards the observer, in such 

 a way that the tumid lips are viewed exactly in profile, it will be seen 

 that whereas the notch between the lips of the pupa of G. brevipalpis 

 is relatively wide and shallow, looking something like a wide V, the 

 corresponding notch in the case of the pupa of G. fusca is narrower, 

 deeper, and distinctly U-shaped. The edges of the tumid lips are also 

 sharper in the latter than in the former species, in which the lips have 

 a decidedly blunter and less cleanly cut appearance. The breadth of 

 the posterior extremity of the pupa (as measured by a horizontal line 

 drawn through the tumid lips when the pupa is in the position indicated) 

 is greater in G. fusca than in G. brevipalpis, and in the same position 

 the outer margins of the lips in the former are more convex." 



" The pupa of G. pallidipes," writes Austen, who examined four 

 specimens from Zululand, " .... is from 6-4 to 7 mm. in length, 

 by 3-4 to 3 -75 mm. in greatest width. The tumid lips, which are 

 from 0-8 to 1 mm. long, and separated by a U-shaped notch (somewhat 

 resembling but with straighter sides and fuller at the bottom than the 

 notch in the case of the pupa of G. fusca, Walk.), are much larger than 

 the lips of the pupa of G. morsitans, while the notch between them is 

 about twice as wide as in the latter. The notch is quite different in 

 shape from that exhibited by the pupa of G. brevipalpis, Newst. (cp. 

 D and A, Fig. 5], and the inner edges of the distal portions of the lips 

 are more rounded and less sharp than in the case of the pupa of either 

 G. brevipalpis or G. fusca " (cp. D, A and B, Fig. 5). 



Of the pupa of G. austeni, a specimen from Amani (believed at the 

 time to belong to G. tachinoides) was examined by Austen, who states 

 that it is " 5- 5 mm. long, by 3mm. in greatest width." According 

 to Austen, " the most striking characteristic " of the pupa, as also 

 of the larva, of G. austeni " is the relatively large size of the tumid lips, 

 which are actually larger than in the case of G. pallidipes [cp. E and 

 D, Fig. 5], though the perfect insect of the latter is, of course, a much 

 bigger fly . . . ." "In the present species " [G. austeni], adds 

 Austen, " the tumid lips are just under 1 mm. in length, and the notch 

 between them is similar in shape to that between the lips of the pupa 

 of G. morsitans, although not so narrow [cp. E and C, Fig. 5]. The 

 notch is much wider than, and has not the characteristic shape of that 

 exhibited by the pupa of G. palpalis " (cp. E and F, Fig. 5). 



It is unnecessary to describe the well-known pupa of Glossina 

 palpalis, the characteristic shape of the tumid lips in which, and of the 

 keyhole-like notch between them, is clearly shown in Fig. 5, F ; in 

 the case of all the other species of Tsetse-flies, the pupa has not yet, so 

 far as we are aware, been discovered, so that there are still investiga- 

 tions to be made. When Glossina pupae are found, they should be 



