35 



and well shaded. A second visit to the same spot procured a good 

 number of empty puparia, and three living pupae (G. palpalis). 



The other breeding place, which was visited more frequently, was 

 situated on a small island in a bend of the Lualaba, above Bukama. 

 The islet in question is almost entirely covered with dense forest growth, 



! including all the trees characteristic of the belt of forest fringing this 

 portion of the Lualaba, with, in addition, numerous lianas and luxuriant 

 bushes, the interlacing of which produces a very dense shade. 



Rather more than 400 living pupae of G. palpalis were collected on 



I this island, and yielded 265 flies 135 $ $, and 130 $ & so that the 



! two sexes were represented by an equal number of individuals. 



In all cases the pupae were found at a very slight depth (three to four 



, centimetres beneath the surface), at high-water mark, in light, dry sand, 



which was well shaded and usually covered with a layer of dead leaves. 



At each visit to the spot in question there were unearthed, in the 



space of about a square metre, from 50 to 80 living pupae, besides a 



considerable number of empty puparia, showing that the flies continued 



> to deposit their larvae regularly throughout the dry season, while 



, during the same period the hatching of batches of adults proceeded in 

 regular succession in the laboratory. 



Of G. austeni, Swynnerton (145), in North Mossurise, Portuguese East 

 Africa, found some sixty puparia in all under four prostrate trees or 

 logs " in two localities on the Mtshanedzi, near its junction with the 



| Buzi." With reference to one find, this author writes that " beside the 

 Buzi, below the junction of the Mtshanedzi, we came on a great up- 



i rooted tree 3J feet thick, lying head downwards in a donga, and beside 

 it the rootlings of pigs. Under it at a point at which it was seven 

 inches from the ground were found nine empty puparia of Glossina 

 austeni, in sandy soil." As to the other three logs under which 

 puparia of G. austeni were discovered, Swynnerton says : " One, 

 more or less rotten with only two puparia was beside a game path 

 used by bushbucks and waterbucks. Another with 30, showed many 

 blue duiker ' forms ' about it, but these were too recent ; leaf-carpet 

 does not preserve traces well. The third, with 23 puparia, was also 

 in dense shade, and exactly at the junction of the primary-type forest 

 and some heavy Markhamia bush (mubfeya). Right up to the log, 

 in the latter bush, were the old tramplings and lying places of elephants. 

 A similar log in similar shade lay 18 yards away ; it was away from the 

 tramplings, etc., and covered no puparia." 



G. morsitans. Between 1910 and 1914, search for pupae of (z. 

 morsitans under natural conditions was carried on with success, both 

 by Mr. Rupert W. Jack, Government Entomologist for Southern 

 Rhodesia, and by Mr. LI. Lloyd, Entomologist to the British South 

 Africa Company in Northern Rhodesia, and to the Luangwa Sleeping 

 Sickness Commission. 



Since the females of G. morsitans, like those of all other Tsetse-flies, 

 produce but a single larva at a time, they are by no means prolific 

 as compared with the vast majority of other insects, and, as we have 

 already seen in the case of G. palpalis, in nature their pupae are so 

 well concealed that it was not until after minute search had been 

 made that specimens were discovered. 



The honour of having found the first puparium of Glossina 

 morsitans under natural conditions rests with Mr. R. W. Jack, to whom 

 reference has been made above. According to Mr. Jack (67), the 

 puparium in question " was taken in November, 1910, from the collec- 

 tion of mould and humus between the roots of a large tree (Ficus sp.) 



