36 



near the Gorai River below the escarpment in the Lomagundi district, 

 Southern Rhodesia. The tree is situated about 60 to 70 yards from the 



actual bank of the river, as it runs at present At the time 



of the visit ' fly ' was abundant in the shade of the trees bordering the 

 river, the sandy bed of which then contained no water on the surface, 

 the nearest open water being 12 to 15 miles away in the Hunyani 

 River. It was thought at the time that this was the only pupa-case 

 secured, and a search all along the river bank produced no others. 

 A number of empty pupa-cases of other Diptera and Lepidoptera 

 were, however, placed in a corked phial and labelled, and on going 

 over these later in the laboratory, the anal end of a second tsetse pupa- 

 case was found amongst them, showing the characteristic protuber- 

 ances. This spot was again visited in April, 191 1, and under the same 

 tree five more empty puparia were found, but, as before, the most 

 diligent search elsewhere failed to produce any more." 



The second discovery of pupae of G. morsitans was made by the 

 Mission Scientifique du Katanga ; as already stated, a pupa was 

 found almost on the surface of the ground, near the Kalengwe Rapids, 

 on the Lualaba River. 



In his paper, from which we have just given an extract, Mr. Jack 

 continues: "During August, 1911, the fly-area in the Sebungwe 

 district [Southern Rhodesia] was visited, and here the search for 

 pupae met with greater success. Altogether 87 empty puparia were 

 found, and four living pupae, or at least puparia from which the fly 

 had not emerged. These puparia were found in two different localities, 

 namely, at a river .... called Manzituba, lying some 35 miles 

 east of Kariyangwe (Sebungwe) .... and again, near a kraal 

 belonging to the induna Sinombi, situated on the Sinyama River, 

 about 23 miles east of Kariyangwe. 



" At the point where the investigations took place at Manzituba 

 there is a sandy escarpment, a hundred feet or so in height, which 

 suddenly descends to a wet boggy vlei, 1 lying east and west, through 

 which the course of the river runs. In August the river consists of a 

 series of pools. This vlei is bordered by shady trees, and in this 

 respect differs from the surrounding bush, in which the trees are almost 

 entirely leafless at this time of the year. From the drier portions of 

 the vlei old termite-mounds rise in places and are surmounted by tall, 

 shady trees. About the shady borders of this vlei tsetse occur in the 

 greatest numbers in August, and at the bases of the trees, where 

 conditions were favourable, the puparia were found. In every case 

 the puparia were in the soil, either sheltered by a hollow in the trunk 

 of a tree, or, when there was a very sharp incline, as on an ' ant-heap/ 

 under the exposed roots. Generally the soil was sandy and soft, and 

 often much humus, dead leaves and vegetable debris were present. 

 One or two puparia were, however, found in hard soil even as deep as 

 1 J in. As it is not to be thought that the larvae could have penetrated 

 baked ' ant-heap ' to this depth, one can only conjecture that the cases 

 were very old, and that the larvae entered by a crack or division between 

 the soil and the trunk of the tree, not apparent at the time of digging. 



" At Sinombi. the Sinyama River is met by a tributary stream, and 

 the valleys run north, south and west. Along these valleys and on 



1 According to Dr. G. A. K. Marshall, C.M.G., vlei is : " A term used in South 

 Africa for open, low-lying land, which is always marshy during the rains, but 

 which may or may not be dry during the dry season." 



