42 



beneath bushes in places where the earth is dry. They also occur 

 among the roots of trees, banana plants, etc. In the North Katanga 

 district of Belgian Congo, Dr. Schwetz (132) on several occasions 

 found pupae or empty puparia of G. pallidipes, together with those 

 of G. brevipalpis, in very light, sandy soil beneath a layer of dead 

 leaves, in spots shaded by branches of trees and thinly covered 

 with low shrubs or herbage. Swynnerton (145), in North Mossurise, 

 Portuguese East Africa, took puparia of G. pallidipes " with those 

 of G. morsitans and under the same logs, but in very small numbers 

 indeed." 



Of the larger Tsetse-flies, the only species of the breeding places of 

 which we have as yet any knowledge are G. fusca and G. brevipalpis. 



With regard to the former, it is stated by Austen (3) that on 

 5th December 1906 a number of empty puparia and one living pupa 

 of this species were found by Dr. A. G. Bagshawe " in a dry gully in 

 the vicinity of the Mzizi River, near the south-east corner of Lake 

 Albert, Uganda Protectorate." 



For later information as to breeding places of G. fusca we are chiefly 

 indebted to the painstaking investigations of Dr. Schwetz (132), in the 

 North Katanga district of Belgian Congo. After preliminary failures, 

 during which on one occasion this observer, assisted by ten or a dozen 

 natives, examined places of all kinds for three weeks without finding 

 a single living pupa of this species, better success was encountered. 

 Empty puparia of G. fusca, with an occasional living pupa, sometimes 

 associated with puparia or pupae of G. brevipalpis, were found in small 

 numbers in various spots of the usual character, chiefly beneath fallen 

 tree-trunks. Finally, in a belt of forest near Kisenga, not traversed 

 by any stream, Dr. Schwetz met with a very large fallen tree lying in 

 a thicket so dense as to be well-nigh impenetrable. In the hollow 

 at the base of the roots of this tree, in light, dry soil underneath a 

 layer of dead leaves, twigs and humus, 95 empty puparia of G. fusca 

 and five of G. brevipalpis were found. More puparia and a few living 

 pupae were discovered beneath the tree itself, where it lay on the ground 

 or was raised a few inches above it ; altogether this single tree yielded 

 205 empty pupa-cases and nine living pupae of G. fusca, and nine 

 puparia and one living pupa of G. brevipalpis, so that Dr. Schwetz is 

 amply justified in speaking of it as a " breeding place." It would 

 seem, then, that, in evincing a preference for depositing its larvae 

 beneath fallen trees, G. fusca displays a predilection similar to that oi\ 

 G. morsitans. 



In the case of G. brevipalpis, the attraction of fallen trees would 

 appear to be not always manifest. Thus, in the account of his 

 observations upon this species conducted in Nyasaland, on the Lingadzi 

 estate, " which is situated on either bank of the river of that name, \ 

 about eight miles from Lake Nyasa," Dr. Lamborn (83) writes : 

 " When endeavouring to discover the breeding grounds of this fly, my 

 attention was at first naturally concentrated on places similar to those 

 utilised by morsitans, and in some of these, under the shelter of fallen 

 dead trees, I found pupa-cases both of morsitans and of brevipalpis, never 

 more than three or four of each. But on removing the low, thickly 

 growing vegetation at a spot well sheltered by the foliage of the large 

 trees, I obtained in the course of a two days' search over an area 

 about 25 yards square, no less than 507 pupa-cases and seven living 

 pupae. This spot differed in regard to soil and vegetation in nowise, 

 so far as I could ascertain, from the rest of the neighbourhood, but it 



