43 



was traversed by a path along which game is evidently in the habit of 

 passing to and from the water, and moreover it is close to the edge of 

 a sandy bank (the original edge of the lake, which is gradually receding), 

 and I imagine it to be probable that beasts may loiter there as a measure 

 of caution before descending into more open country, as a result of 

 which replete female flies, incapable of prolonged flight, would shelter 

 there. More pupae have been found in similar situations 109 pupa- 

 cases in one place, and four pupae and 54 cases in another." 



On the other hand, Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton (145), in the course of 

 a preliminary investigation of the habits and distribution of Tsetse- 

 flies in North Mossurise, Portuguese East Africa, carried out in 1918, 

 although failing to discover any living pupae of G. brevipalpis, " found 

 a few batches of pupa-cases in the Brachystegia bush on the Buzi east 

 of Spungabera," and on one occasion unearthed nearly 100 puparia from 

 beneath a fallen tree (Piptadenia buchanani. See Plate IV, Fig. 2) . "In 

 the case of this fly," writes Mr. Swynnerton, " the batches were beside 

 lying places of buffalos and wild pigs, and the flies at the moment of 

 dropping the maggot had in the biggest find evidently been resting for 

 the most part on the under sides of the coils of large rough lianas 

 (Cissus, Landolphia and Bauhinia), apparently favourite resting- 

 places. Some of the puparia were found under logs, and some of the 

 replete gravid females taken during the bush-pig incident were resting 

 on the lower surface of fallen Uapaca sansibarica stems, under which 

 the pigs had been lying. The ground (shale) was in two cases exceed- 

 ingly hard and compact, but humus was present in the situations in 

 which the pupae were found. There seemed to be no such localisation 

 of the breeding centres as I found with morsitans." 



Reference to the finding by Dr. Schwetz (132) of puparia and pupae 

 of G. brevipalpis in small numbers, in various situations in North 

 Katanga, has already been made in connection with breeding places 

 of G. fusca (see p. 42). This author thinks that, when depositing 

 their larvae, both these species, like G. palpalis, avail themselves of 

 any spot suitable for the emergence of the adult insect. 



BREEDING SEASON. So far as we are aware, this question has not 

 yet been studied in the case of any species other than Glossina morsitans. 

 As regards the latter, it would- seem from the investigations of Mr. 

 R. W. Jack, and those of the entomologists who have worked in Northern 

 Rhodesia, that it is probable that the places where the larvae are 

 deposited vary according to the season. Limited during the dry 

 season to the borders of rivers and similar shady places, in the wet 

 season and immediately thereafter breeding places may occur wherever 

 bush exists. It appears from Mr. LI. Lloyd's account (89) of his later 

 work at Ngoa, Northern Rhodesia, " on .the high ground of the Congo- 

 Zambezi watershed," from which extracts have already been given, 

 that in the district referred to " breeding is almost confined to the 

 warmer part of the dry season." The conclusion at which Lloyd 

 arrives is that : " On the high plateau of Northern Rhodesia G. 

 morsilans begins to breed freely about the second month of the dry 

 season (July), and almost or entirely ceases to do so in the rainy season." 



Nevertheless, the experiments in rearing G. morsitans made in 

 Nyasaland in 1911, by Newstead and Davey, seem to show that the 

 breeding season in that country continues throughout the year, though 

 it is probable that it is more intense at the commencement of the rains 

 and at the end of the wet season than during the dry months. 



