45 



for the active flies ; and (b) massive, or forest-like, which is required 

 by the inactive flies." Dr. S. A. Neave (103) states that he is not 

 aware of " any authentic record of G. palpalis occurring at over 4,000 ft. 

 even at the equator, and the further from the equator, the lower the 

 limit seems to be, as might be expected." Shade is an absolute 

 necessity for this species, which, however, on Lake Tanganyika has 

 been found among reeds, although the shores of this lake are usually 

 wooded. In West Africa G. palpalis 'commonly occurs in mangrove 

 swamps. The published statements as to " fly-areas " in the case of 

 this species, are however, so numerous that we cannot here attempt to 

 give, in a few lines, a resume of all that is at present known on the 

 subject. The literature relating to the biology of the Tsetse-fly chiefly 

 concerned in the dissemination of sleeping sickness is considerable, and 

 is continually increasing ; the latest information thereon is to be found 

 in the Bulletins of the Tropical Diseases Bureau, the Review of Applied 

 Entomology (Series B), and other special publications. 



" One point in respect of clearing operations," writes Neave, " is 

 of interest, namely, that this and probably all other species of Glossina 

 habitually live very near the ground, and probably never settle more than 

 a few feet above it. Hodges and others have demonstrated that clearing 

 operations need not involve the removal of large trees with clean 

 trunks free from low-growing branches. Tt seems to be the low growth 

 of shrubs, etc., which provides the necessary cover for G. palpalis, 

 and this will probably be found true for all species of Glossina." 



As regards its habitat, Glossina palpalis var. juscipes, the form of 

 G. palpalis occurring in the eastern region of Central Africa, differs in 

 certain noteworthy respects from the typical race found in West 

 Africa. With reference to G. palpalis var. fuscipes, as observed by 

 him in the Nile Province of the Uganda Protectorate, Dr. R. E. 

 McConnell writes (92) : " The most favourable environment for the 

 fly in this Province consists of the conjunction of a tree- or scrub-shade, 

 water, and a rocky clean bank. They are often very numerous on 

 rocky promontories, the vegetation on which offers the very modest 

 shade lent by creepers, tufts of grass, and scattered, very low scrub. 

 They are also very common on bare rocks, but these have always been 

 so situated that access to typical tree-shade was available, and doubtless 

 the flies retired there. They seem quite as numerous near rushing 

 rapids as near the more peaceful waters." 



Glossina caliginea, Austen. Very little is yet known as to the 

 habitat of this Southern Nigerian Tsetse-fly, which is a vicious blood- 

 sucker and, according to Austen, " prone to attack travellers in canoes." 

 Mr. G. Garden (quoted by Austen, 3) states that, at a spot on a creek 

 between Agbabu and Akitipupu, where the fly attacked him in his 

 canoe " during heavy rain/' there was " dense cover," consisting of 

 " long grass and water-plants." 



Glossina pallicera, Bigot. Almost all that can be stated with 

 reference to this rare species of Tsetse is due to " observations made in 

 Ashanti, in 1907, by Dr. W. M. Graham," and recorded by Austen, 

 who writes that Graham " always found the fly in the ' bush,' where 

 it ' does not settle on the ground, but sits on the upper side of leaves.' " 

 On the N'Kawi Road, Kumasi, according to the same observer, where 

 it " ' was found in a narrow bush path, bordered by short bushes, but 

 free from tall trees,' " G. pallicera appears to be " ' strictly localised. 

 . . . . It did not associate with G. palpalis upon this path, nor 

 was it to be found associated with G. palpalis upon the main road into 



