52 



in great numbers together and its breeding going on with some vigour 

 in the dry season. 



" Here the male flies occurred in the usual bands, containing in some 

 cases at least a few hundred flies at a time on the short or shortish 

 grass and sedge. They were sometimes out in the sunlight amongst 

 or beyond the scattered chidsgwati shrubs and stunted Parinariums 

 that separate the open vleis from the Brachystegia bush surrounding 

 them, sometimes a little way in the Brachystegia bush itself, never. 



very far from the vleis The flies were found in rather special '' 



association with a low, heavily-headed sedge (Fuirena), with which 

 I found the local natives had also learned to associate them. This 

 remained green after the grasses generally were dry and, with one or 

 two low-growing associates, covered considerable areas' at the edges 

 of certain vleis. 



" I did not find that G. morsitans appeared to be at all dependent 

 on the presence of undergrowth. The bush in which it occurred was 

 for the most part devoid of such growth, though some of it was itself 

 low." On the other hand, Swynnerton states that he "obtained! 

 no evidence in favour of the view, but much against it," that either 

 G. morsitans, G. pallidipes or G. brevipalpis "will live in open grass 

 country devoid of bush." " Even the attacks of morsitans on the 

 basalt," he continues, " were always in or beside shade, were it only 

 that of a large shrub or a semi-leafless tree, and when noted definitely 

 resting, either in my experimental net or in the field, this fly was always 

 in the shade under a log, on the shady side of a trunk, etc. A replete 

 resting morsitans female that I disturbed repeatedly always settled 

 again on the shady side of trees. I have seen waiting male clusters 

 furthest from bush in large vleis, but there was some reason to suppose 

 that the individual flies did not stay with the cluster indefinitely." 



Finally, with reference to the habitat of G. morsitans form sub- 

 morsitans, it may be added that Dr. J. J. Simpson has shown that, in 

 Northern Nigeria, this form occurs in the driest districts, where the 

 " savannah forest " predominates. In the Gold Coast, according to 

 the same author (144), G. morsitans form submorsitans is seldom found 

 near rivers, but is more abundant in the savannah forest and more 

 open country, where small water-holes exist, probably because game 

 comes to water there, this form undoubtedly migrating by following 

 herds of game for long distances. Simpson states also that this fly 

 will follow human beings and attack in the open in the hottest sun, 

 though rarely at night. 



Glossina pallidipes, Austen. "The late Dr. W. A. Densham, writing 

 from Nimule on 24th July 1906, with reference to Glossina pallidipes, 

 as observed and collected by him in the Nile Province, Uganda Pro- 

 tectorate, said : ' Of thirteen specimens taken, nine were males and 

 four females. The flies were found near and in a narrow belt of true 

 forest at Kibero, between Nimule and Wadelai, in June 1906. They 

 were numerous along the native path, in long grass with scattered trees, 

 for a quarter of a mile before reaching the forest ' 



" In the East Africa Protectorate [Kenya Colony], where, according 

 to Dr. P. H. Ross, the species is most numerous in August and Sep- 

 tember, Dr. A. D. Milne, P.M.O., states that G. pallidipes, in company 

 with G. brevipalpis and longipennis, attracted by lamplight, frequently 

 enters railway carriages when a train is waiting during the night at' 



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