53 



one of the stations in the fly-belt on the Uganda Railway, and thus 

 may be carried for a distance of 150 miles or more " (Austen). 



Writing from personal experience of Glossina pallidipes, Dr. S. A. 

 Neave (103) says: "This species somewhat resembles G. morsitans 

 in its habits, at least as regards the type of country in which it occurs 

 and the conditions under which it feeds, but it would appear not to 

 be so completely independent of water. So far as my experience goes, 

 though not at all confined to river banks, it is always associated with a 

 fairly considerable amount of bush in rather low-lying river valleys ; 

 but, given sufficient cover, it would no doubt be found a mile or so 

 from water. 1 There would appear to be some ground for thinking that, 

 in British South Africa, at any rate, this tsetse has a more marked 

 seasonal prevalence than G. morsitans, being much more numerous at 

 the end of the wet season and the months immediately following it 

 than during the dry. . . There would seem to be some evidence 

 that this species, like G. morsitans, is kept at bay by cultivation." 



According to A. S. Leese, during the hot season G. pallidipes is most 

 ' active by daylight, before 9 a.m. and after 4 p.m. ; but it sometimes 

 bites in the dark. In the wet season it is probably also active in the 

 middle of the day. 



In Italian Somaliland, according to Croveri (35), the situations pre- 

 ferred by G. pallidipes are wooded spots covered with low, dense bush, 

 | and near stagnant or slow-flowing water. Such localities are limited 

 i in area during the dry season, but extend considerably during the wet 

 | season, so that the infested zone is then increased. G. pallidipes 

 avoids open and cultivated areas in general, though it is found in banana 

 and rubber plantations, and among low trees. On sunny days it bites 

 from early dawn up to about 8 a.m., reappearing about 4 p.m. and 

 disappearing again at nightfall. On cloudy or rainy days it bites 

 during the whole day, but on bright moonlit nights only if disturbed ; 

 it does not bite on dark nights. The average length of life of this 

 fly is given by Croveri as three months. 



In North Katanga, Belgian Congo, according to Dr. Schwetz (132), 

 G. pallidipes frequents orchard bush or well-wooded savannah, but, 

 as a rule, is not found in forest ; whether at rest or on the wing, this 

 species, like G. brevipalpis and G. fusca, prefers and is found almost 

 exclusively along roads and paths. Like the two other species men- 

 tioned, it spends the day, or in any case the greater part of it, sitting 

 motionless on the trunks and branches of trees, or on creepers, the 

 attitude in its case, as in that of G. palpalis and G. morsitans, usually 

 being head upwards. G. pallidipes, according to this author, occurs, 

 where it exists, in very large numbers, sometimes almost equalling those 

 of G. morsitans, and it appears to have the same habits as G. brevi- 

 palpis, being active in the evening, when it flits low over roads and 

 paths. It is, however, on the wing earlier and disappears sooner 

 than the larger species, its time of maximum activity being given by 

 Dr. Schwetz as about 4 p.m. or 4.30 p.m., while towards 5 p.m., or an 

 hour before sunset, it vanishes completely. 



Writing of this species as observed by him in North Mossurise, 



Portuguese East Africa, in 1918, Swynnerton (145) remarks : 



Glossina pallidipes is distinctly more catholic here in its general 



1 T. J. Anderson (la), writing of G. pallidipes as observed by him in the Southern 

 Masai Reserve, Kenya Colony, in 1917-18, says that this species was found 

 generally in the bush and fairly close to water, though four individuals were 

 taken at least two miles from water. 



