127 



further with an investigation into its habits." It may be added that 

 a specimen of the Bombyliid in question was bred from a G. morsilans 

 pupa in Southern Rhodesia, in November 1912 by Mr. R. W. Jack, 

 and that the species is also known to occur in Kenya Colony and in 

 Northern Nigeria. 



With reference to Hymenopterous parasites other than Mutilla, 

 Dr. Lamborn writes : " Within the last few days two nice-looking 

 Chalcids [Stomatoceras micans, Wtrst.], large insects with black 

 markings on the wings, have emerged from tsetse pupae through an 

 opening situated in each case close to the tubercles at the posterior 

 end of the puparium. These also are thriving in captivity, but 

 unfortunately appear both to be of the same sex. 



" In connexion with the question of Chalcids, I found in April in 

 cattle droppings a large number of pupae of a little Muscid [Musca 

 sp. nov. ?] common in houses in this country, and having bred out 

 numerous small Chalcids [Spalangia sp.] from them, endeavoured to 

 parasitise tsetse pupae with them, but without result, so far as I have 

 yet been able to judge. 



" A fourth species of parasite [Eupelmimis tarsatus, Wtrst.], an 

 apterous insect, has also been bred out from a tsetse pupa." 



Proportion of Pupae Parasitised. " Examination of the living 

 pupae recently collected, 1,143 in all, affords evidence as to the probable 

 parasitism of a small number, small marks like punctures being visible 

 with a high power lens, and a study of the empty cases found at the 

 same time, numbering 9,762, has afforded some statistics thereon, for 

 owing to their chitinous nature and the sheltered positions in which 

 they are placed it appears to be some time before the 'empty cases 

 suffer by exposure. By far the greatest number of cases (no less than 

 8,543) had given exit to perfect flies ; for though there is no means of 

 differentiating between normal pupae and those parasitised by Bomby- 

 liids, the latter seem to be in so small a minority as to be almost 

 negligible from the statistical point of view ; 351, or 3 J per cent., 

 showed that they had been parasitised by Mutillids, the features 

 characteristic of which have already been described, the parasite having 

 in practically every case escaped at the cephalic end ; 107, roughly 

 1 per cent., were intact, except for a pin-point hole at one side, produced 

 in all probability by the escape of some tiny parasite, possibly a Chalcid 

 parasitic on the Mutillid, for a few of these which were broken open 

 showed the remnant of the cocoon of the latter 1 ; 264, roughly 2 per 

 cent., show larger rounded holes produced by the escape of a parasite ; 

 some at the posterior end, others to one side, the insect being in all 

 probability one of the large Chalcids Some twenty, a few of which 

 had contained Mutillids, showed evidence that the pupal contents had 

 been eaten from outside ; and 477 were so damaged that it was 

 impossible to form any opinion as to their history. 



" No parasites whatever have as yet been bred out from pupae 

 obtained in the proclaimed area, all that have been obtained hitherto 

 having emerged from pupae found in the vicinity of Monkey Bay, a 

 fact which may explain the numerical superiority of morsitans in the 

 former region." 



1 In a note to this statement Dr. G. A. K. Marshall remarks : " A large 

 number of these Chalcids were bred subsequently by Dr. Lamborn from a tsetse 

 pupa, and proved to be Syntomosphyrum glossinae, Wtst. There seems little 

 doubt now that this species is harmful, being a hyperparasite of Mutilla glossinae."' 



