130 



pupae of G. morsitans collected at Monkey Bay. In captivity, pairing 

 took place soon after emergence, and oviposition began about two 

 hours later in pupae believed to be parasitised by M. glossinae. Nine 

 females oviposited in pupae of G. morsitans, the cocoon of M. glossinae 

 being present in every case except one ; 22 males and 58 females 

 emerged. In those instances in which definite data were obtained, the 

 period between oviposition and emergence varied from 28 to 32 days, 

 the greatest number of parasites obtained from a single puparium 

 being nine. In several cases Mutillids emerged from pupae into which 

 E. tarsatus had inserted its ovipositor, and on two occasions Tsetse- 

 flies were reared from such pupae. A few large Chalcids, Stomatoceras 

 spp., were obtained from pupae found in the neighbourhood of Monkey 

 Bay between 7th April and 2nd June, but did not emerge from pupae 

 in the proclaimed area. These Chalcids may be hyperparasites of 

 M. glossinae, since specimens of the latter were present in some cases, 

 but more probably are primary parasites of Glossina, which develop 

 more rapidly than M. glossinae and may incidentally attack the larva 

 of the latter species. 



Six species of insect parasites of the pupae of G. morsitans were 

 found by Lloyd (91) in Northern Rhodesia in 1915. According to this 

 author, M. glossinae is generally distributed in G. morsitans areas in 

 Northern Rhodesia, and the duration of the pupal period was observed 

 to be 45 days. Adults in captivity fed readily on jam ; the females 

 lived about three weeks, and the males from 10 to 14 days. Attempts 

 to breed them were, however, unsuccessful. The percentage of 

 parasitism by M. glossinae at Chutika (Hargreaves), in the Luangwa 

 Valley, was on an average 7 per cent. ; at Mwengwa, on the Kafue 

 River, in 1914, Eminson " found that about 10 per cent, of the 350 

 pupae he had collected were destroyed by this insect " ; at Nawalia it 

 was observed by Lloyd that the parasitism reached 13 per cent., a 

 quarter of the parasites being males. Parasites emerged between 15th 

 August and 6th October from pupae collected during July ; emergence 

 from pupae collected on 21st and 23rd August took place between 

 25th September and 26th October. Attempts to breed. Anastatus 

 viridiceps, Wtst., in captivity failed. Stomatoceras micans, Wtst, 

 discovered by Eminson at Mwengwa, was met with by Lloyd at Ngoa, 

 on the plateau near Mpika. In one case an almost fully developed 

 Tsetse emerged from a puparium parasitised by this species. The 

 hyperparasite Syntomosphyrum glossinae, Wtst., obtained by Eminson 

 at Mwengwa, was found by Lloyd at Ngoa and Kashitu, and probably 

 also occurs in the Luangwa Valley. The insect, about 25 of which 

 usually emerged from one puparium, was taken from September to 

 November. The Dipterous parasites of G. morsitans pupae met with 

 were the two Bombyliids, Villa lloydi, Austen, and (probably) 

 Thyridanthrax abruptus, Lw., which were obtained at Ngoa and Chutika 

 respectively. Puparia parasitised by the former were collected in 

 September, and flies emerged during the same month ; two pupae 

 attacked by the second species were taken in July, and the adults 

 appeared in August. 



Up to the beginning of 1918 no parasites of Tsetse-flies had been 

 recorded from West Africa, but in February of that year Simpson (144) 

 reported that, among a large number of pupae of G. tachinoides 

 collected by him in the Gold Coast, between September and December, 

 1915, he had found " a small proportion " parasitised by Chalcis 

 amenocles, Walk. Simpson also stated that he had bred the same 



