147 



felled for the purpose, the trees selected belonging to a number of 



I different species, spaced as regularly as possible. Altogether more than 



one hundred breeding places were constructed in this way, some being 



in dense woodland and others in thorn-bush. The scene of operations 



near Monkey Bay covered two square miles of country, throughout 



which natural breeding places were, so far as practicable, eliminated. 



" In some of these [artificial] breeding places," writes Dr. Lamborn, 



" the natural soil has been replaced by soil brought from natural 



breeding places, and in others the earth has been well mixed with 



fragments of rotting wood and bark, with earth from termitaria, and 



with antelope droppings, the latter method being the only available 



means of imparting an odour of game to the places, with the idea of 



i; ascertaining whether the choice of the fly can be in any way influenced." 



Unfortunately the departure of Dr. Lamborn on active service in 



East Africa prevented him from following out this most interesting and 



important practical experiment, and no report on the results obtained 



has yet appeared. 



In Uganda much attention has in recent years been paid by Dr. 



G. D. H. Carpenter to the value of artificial bre'eding places in reducing 



the numbers of G. palpalis on Lake Victoria. According to Dr. 



Carpenter (26), the collection of pupae seems to offer the most promising 



results, owing to the proportion of the sexes being equal. It is therefore 



suggested that all breeding grounds should be cleared, and that 



artificial shelters, that would induce the flies to deposit their larvae in 



them, should be provided ; from these the pupae could be collected 



; regularly. This method has been tried to some extent, and the results 



I undoubtedly warrant further experiment. Such shelters, Dr. Carpenter 



j thinks, should be in the form of a low lean-to shed, the base and 



I preferably the uprights being of metal, owing to the presence of 



j termites. The low front should face the direction of the prevailing 



i wind ; the roof should be thatched, with good eaves almost touching 



the ground in front ; the sides and back should be open, but protected 



by eaves and creepers. If the shelter can be made of fresh, green 



growth, this will add to its attractiveness, and creepers might be 



planted to ramble over it. Diagrams and photographs of such shelters 



are given by Dr. Carpenter. One of a suitable size has an area of 



12 ft. by 4 ft., and is 4| ft. high at the back and H ft. in front. 



It is obvious that constant attention must be given to such shelters 

 and the pupae regularly collected, otherwise they will tend to the 

 increase of the fly rather than to its diminution. The roofs must be 

 kept watertight. This method cannot be expected to exterminate the 

 fly, though its numbers can be reduced immensely, and where possible 

 the collection of. adult flies should be continued. Moreover, in Dr. 

 Carpenter's opinion, this method is the simplest, the least costly and 

 the most practicable of any yet proposed for dealing with Glossina, 

 and should have the effect of keeping the fly at a minimum harmless 

 number, below which no method, short of defoliating the whole 

 country, could bring it. 



EMPLOYMENT OF TSETSE-REPELLENTS FOR THE PROTECTION OF 

 STOCK. A number of experiments with repellent substances, with a 

 view to protecting stock from the attacks of Tsetse-flies, have been 

 made in Africa, but without much success. In the United States of 

 America a good deal of work has likewise been done, in studying the 

 employment of substances of this kind for the protection of domestic 

 animals against the attacks of biting flies. It seems highly important 



